Psychopathy and Sociopathy: We Are All Fallible Beings

[DISCLAIMER]

Regarding this blogpost, a number of terms warrant definition. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), psychopathy is defined as “a synonym for antisocial personality disorder [ASPD]” and “formerly, any psychological disorder or mental disease.”

Similarly, the APA defines a psychopath as “a former name for an individual with antisocial personality disorder.” As ASPD is referenced in both of those definitions, it’s worth noting that the APA thusly defines this personality disorder:

[T]he presence of a chronic and pervasive disposition to disregard and violate the rights of others. Manifestations include repeated violations of the law, exploitation of others, deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressiveness, reckless disregard for the safety of self and others, and irresponsibility, accompanied by lack of guilt, remorse, and empathy.

The disorder has been known by various names, including dyssocial personality, psychopathic personality, and sociopathic personality. It is among the most heavily researched of the personality disorders and the most difficult to treat. It is included in DSM–IV–TR, DSM–5, and DSM-5-TR.

Worth noting in regard to ASPD, the APA defines sociopathy as “a former name for antisocial personality disorder” and defines a sociopath as “a former name for an individual with an antisocial personality disorder.” Further, the APA thusly defines dyssocial behavior:

[A] former name for behavior associated with delinquent or criminal activities, such as gangsterism, racketeering, prostitution, or illegal gambling. It was attributed to distorted moral and social influences, frequently aggravated by a broken home or a deprived environment. Such behavior is now regarded as an aspect of antisocial personality disorder. Also called sociopathic behavior.

Noteworthy, Psychology Today (PT) states of psychopathy, “Psychopaths can appear normal, even charming. Underneath, they lack any semblance of conscience. Their antisocial nature inclines them often (but by no means always) to criminality.” Also, PT states of sociopathy:

Sociopathy is a non-diagnostic term, and it is not synonymous with “psychopathy,” though the overlap leads to frequent confusion. Sociopaths may or may not break the law, but by exploiting and manipulating others, they violate the trust that the human enterprise runs on.

Notably, PT draws a distinction between psychopathy and sociopathy. In laypersons terms, the former word conveys the notion of one who enjoys or has no issue with violating the rights of others, as the latter concept relates to one who is apathetic about violating the rights of others.

All the same, terms used in common parlance aren’t necessarily indicative of clinical concepts. In fact, “psychopath” and “sociopath” are outdated concepts. For further consideration, I invite you to consider that in a blogpost entitled Psychopathy I stated:

Clarifying the distinction between psychopathy and sociopathy, one source states:

[…] “psychopath” is a term used to refer to someone who presents psychopathy, or psychopathic traits. “Sociopath,” “sociopathy,” and “sociopathic” are not true clinical terms, meaning they are not terms that are endorsed by either the American Psychiatric Association or another widely established, research-focused mental health professional.

This distinction acknowledges that psychopathy is indicated when a cluster of traits correlate with one’s personality and behavior. As well, the information supports the training I received when undergoing a three-day personality disorders course for the advanced diagnosis, treatment, and management of these conditions.

In fact, the trainer referenced psychopathy as a valid measure when assessing ASPD, in particular the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (PCL). Also, the manual I received during the training process addressed psychopathic traits inherent in a person with ASPD as follows:

An Antisocial Personality Disordered person is one who does not care what is right or wrong, has no regard for consequence, does not learn from experience, is indifferent to what happens to other people, and is willing to do anything in order to get what they want and will harm anyone who interferes with them.

Noteworthy, the “harm” element of psychopathy isn’t strictly one related to violence. Moreover, there is some degree of overlap between psychopathic traits and other mental illnesses and conditions. For example, one APA resource states:

[I]t is common to have some degree of psychopathic tendencies, if not the condition itself: According to PsychopathyIs, as much as 30% of the population displays some degree of reduced empathy, risk-taking, and overly high self-regard, though the percentage of people with high degrees of these traits is much smaller.

In this sense, [Abigail] Marsh believes that autism holds a useful parallel, because there are greater and lesser degrees of autistic traits and because early intervention can make a big difference in later outcomes. (Not everyone in the mental health community agrees that psychopathy is a spectrum-based disorder.)

One major insight I learned from the aforementioned personality disorder training was that the presenter said on average people with ASPD commit between 50 and 200 crimes per year. When the term “psychopath” is used so casually, I suspect recipients of this title don’t actually qualify for the label.

The degree to which psychopathy is misunderstood within the field of psychology is somewhat profound. As a matter of self-disclosure, consider a personal anecdote.

Personally, I don’t believe empathy, as it’s commonly understood, is an actual experience. I maintain that it’s impossible to literally feel what another person feels. We can imagine or interpret this experience, though not actually feel exact emotions in this regard.

Likewise, from quite an early age, I exhibited traits related to the concept of psychopathy. Traits in and of themselves have yet to result in my continual interaction with law enforcement, since having learned about mental health and how to treat or manage my symptoms.

Consequently, people can use caution when flagrantly branding others as “psychopaths.” Likewise, as referenced herein, the term “sociopath” has no meaningful use.

The takeaway point here is that irrespective of whether or not in common parlance psychopathy, sociopathy, and dyssocial behavior are used synonymously, each of these terms currently relate to ASPD. Now, I encourage you to endure a professional and personal anecdote in this regard.

When historically working in a behavioral health care clinic, I participated in a criminal justice diversion program during which I served as a liaison for adult mental health clients who were detained in a local jail. Many of them had the diagnosis of ASPD.

During that same period in time, my coworkers who worked with children told me about child mental health client X who allegedly set fire to his family member’s bed as the individual slept. This activating event resulted in homicide (a killing of one human being by another).

Although I wasn’t present for the client X’s intake interview, one of my coworkers told me that he could sense “evil” as the minor-aged client expressed apathy (lack of feeling or emotion) for having killed a family member. My coworker was surprised by the under 10-year-old’s response.

“I just wanted to see what would happen,” client X reportedly stated while shrugging when told that the act was wrong. Aside from this professional anecdote, now you may consider that I stated in Addressing Critiques of Mental Health Care for Children:

Child Y was the offspring of a friend, also under the age of 10. When having a one-on-one discussion with this individual about how school was going, child Y expressed that there had been trouble regarding this person’s behavior in relation to other children.

When asked for clarification, child Y stated something to the effect of, “I know it’s bad to be mean to people, but I just like it.” While expressing appreciation for maltreatment of other children, child Y maintained a smirk on her face. There was no expressed remorse.

Suspecting that I was being probed for an emotional reaction, I asked a series of questions to determine child Y’s sincerity. This individual was earnest in the notion that not only was mistreating others enjoyable, child Y was committed to continue behaving in such a manner.

Both client X and child Y exhibited traits of ASPD. However, it’s a controversial matter to diagnose children with personality disorders. Typically, once individuals become the age of majority (i.e., 18-years-old), then they may qualify for a diagnosis (a form of hypothesis).

It’s tempting for some people to label the clients X and children Y of the world, as well as adults Z, as “monsters” (beings of unnatural or extreme ugliness, deformity, wickedness, or cruelty). Yet, I said in No Monsters, “Ultimately, there are no monsters – be it in child- or adulthood.”

Rather than using global evaluations (appraising oneself, other people, and/or life as totally undesirable, bad, or unworthy), I instead see client X and child Y as fallible human beings (living creatures with imperfect natures). Truly, we are all fallible beings!

As you contemplate the information herein, I invite you to understand that people aren’t their beliefs or ideas, and people aren’t their behavior. When thinking further about this matter, I’m reminded of the psychotherapeutic modality I practice and a book that I’ve been steadily reading.

As Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is informed by Stoic philosophy, this blog entry is part of an ongoing series regarding a book entitled The Daily Stoic: 366 Meditations on Wisdom, Perseverance, and the Art of Living by Ryan Holiday and Stephen Hanselman.

Although I’ve never set fire to a bed as someone slept, and even though I don’t enjoy mistreating people, I acknowledge that I’ve behaved in despicable ways throughout my life. Still, I am not my actions. Of this, ancient Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius stated (page 266):

Whenever you take offense at someone’s wrongdoing, immediately turn to your own similar failings, such as seeing money as good, or pleasure, or a little fame—whatever form it takes.

By thinking on this, you’ll quickly forget your anger, considering also what compels them—for what else could they do? Or, if you are able, remove their compulsion.

It’s dismissive to merely regard people as psychopaths or sociopaths, rather than to view them as fallible beings who exhibit nonadaptive behavior. This is also true of those who intentionally do wrong. Providing a countervailing view, authors of The Daily Stoic state (page 266):

[W]e were reminded of Socrates’s tolerant belief that “no one does wrong on purpose.” The clearest proof of that hypothesis? All the times we did wrong without malice or intention.

Remember them? The time you were rude because you hadn’t slept in two days. The time you acted on bad information. The time you got carried away, forgot, didn’t understand. The list goes on and on.

I disagree with the infantile perspective espoused by the authors. Specifically, their view serves the irrational concept of a tabula rasa (the idea of individuals being born empty of any built-in mental content, so that all knowledge comes from later perceptions or sensory experiences).

For context, one source states that “modern psychologists and neurologists have disproved the idea that we are born as completely ‘blank slates’. The most damning evidence has come from cognitive, neural, and genetic sciences.” Now, I disagree that “no one does wrong on purpose.”

People with ASPD do! Regarding personality, one source states, “According to twin studies, the Big Five personality traits have substantial heritable components explaining 40–60% of the variance, but identification of associated genetic variants has remained elusive.”

Some people were born with traits which influence wrongdoing. Some individuals were conditioned to engage in misconduct. Some persons apparently weren’t born or conditioned to behave in maladaptive ways, though they do so nonetheless for ostensibly unexplainable reasons.

Thus, it’s absurd to claim – with no evidence – that “no one does wrong on purpose,” outside of using a referential index shift (i.e., stating “no one” when referring to oneself: i.e., I don’t do wrong on purpose). Nevertheless, authors of The Daily Stoic conclude, as I agree (page 266):

This is why it is so important not to write people off or brand them as enemies. Be as forgiving of them as you are of yourself. Cut them the same slack you would for yourself so that you can continue to work with them and make use of their talents.

Some people, like client X and child Y, intentionally do wrong. Perhaps each of those individuals with whom I no longer have contact will be unnecessarily referred to as psychopaths or sociopaths. In reality, all things being equal, they may qualify for ASPD at this point.

Even so, I’ve also done wrong on purpose. Having been assessed for mood and personality disorders by a number of psychiatric and psychological professionals, I don’t qualify for a personality disorder. For the sake of argument, suppose that I did have ASPD.

In that case, I wouldn’t be some monstrous creature which was unworthy of forgiveness or dignity. Given this hypothetical example, I’d merely be a fallible being. I may behave poorly, though people aren’t their beliefs, ideas, or behavior. Ergo, there are no monsters among us.

If you’re looking for a provider who tries to work to help understand how thinking impacts physical, mental, emotional, and behavioral elements of your life—helping you to sharpen your critical thinking skills, I invite you to reach out today by using the contact widget on my website.

As a psychotherapist, I’m pleased to try to help people with an assortment of issues ranging from anger (hostility, rage, and aggression) to relational issues, adjustment matters, trauma experience, justice involvement, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depression, and other mood or personality-related matters.

At Hollings Therapy, LLC, serving all of Texas, I aim to treat clients with dignity and respect while offering a multi-lensed approach to the practice of psychotherapy and life coaching. My mission includes: Prioritizing the cognitive and emotive needs of clients, an overall reduction in client suffering, and supporting sustainable growth for the clients I serve. Rather than simply trying to help you to feel better, I want to try to help you get better!

Deric Hollings, LPC, LCSW

Photo credit, Designed by Freepik, fair use

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