A Forceful Version of Active-Directive REBT

[DISCLAIMER]

Early in graduate school for counseling, I chose to practice Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), developed by the late psychologist Albert Ellis (AE), which is an active-directive form of psychotherapy (often referred to as “therapy”). About this type of therapy, one source states:

Active-Directive Therapy is significantly more helpful to more people than is passive, less active therapy. Effective therapists not only listen carefully to their clients and not only unconditionally accept them with their problems and with their ineffective, and sometimes antisocial, behavior but also teach them what they did and still are doing to disturb themselves and how they can think, feel, and act differently to ameliorate their emotional and practical difficulties.

As each of the clients with whom I work is unique, I acknowledge that some people require an approach to therapy that is more forceful (possessing or filled with force—strength or energy exerted or brought to bear, especially with the capacity to persuade or convince) than not.

Depending on the client, I’m able to switch REBT versions (accounts or descriptions from a particular point of view, especially as contrasted with another account, as in forms or variants of a type or original). This is useful for people who blame others for their own reactions to events.

Therefore, when practicing REBT, I use personal responsibility and accountability (collectively “ownership”). For improved understanding, responsibility is defined as the quality or state of being responsible, such as a moral, legal, or mental accountability.

Here, “responsible” is defined as liable to be called to account as the primary cause, motive, or agent, and being able to answer for one’s conduct and obligations—something, such as the demands of conscience or custom, that obligates one to a course of action.

Also, “accountable” is defined as subject to giving an account—a statement explaining one’s conduct. Accountability is defined as the quality or state of being accountable, especially regarding an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for one’s actions.

When providing psychoeducational lessons on REBT, a psychotherapeutic modality which arguably requires that one preferably should take personal ownership in order to reduce self-distress or self-disturbance, I lean heavily on both responsibility and accountability.

This is because I maintain that people have personal agency (a person’s ability to control one’s own reactions to activating events which are beyond one’s own dominion, especially when one’s response is limited by someone or something else). This is a matter of self-empowerment.

Now, REBT uses the ABC model to illustrate that when an undesirable Action occurs and you Believe an unhelpful narrative about the event, it’s your unfavorable assumption, not the matter itself, that causes an unpleasant Consequence. This is known as distress or disturbance.

Noteworthy, with virtually any undesirable Action that occurs, it’s your unfavorable Beliefs which cause unpleasant distress or disturbance (Consequence). Given this framing of self-distress and self-disturbance, it’s worth noting that one REBT source states (page 71):

REBT conceptualizes [distress] as healthy even though it is intense. Other approaches to therapy have as their goal the reduction of the intensity of negative emotions. They take this position because they do not keenly differentiate between healthy negative emotions (distress) and unhealthy negative emotions (disturbance).

Now, REBT keenly distinguishes between healthy distress and unhealthy disturbance. Healthy distress stems from your rational beliefs about a negative activating event [Action], whilst disturbance stems from your irrational beliefs about the same event.

Complete elimination of distress is highly unlikely in an impermanent and uncertain world wherein people conceptually suffer, struggle, and battle with, or merely experience hardship. Still, individuals often make matters worse for themselves by disturbing about such instances.

In particular, there are four predominate irrational beliefs which people often use to distress or disturb themselves: global evaluations, low frustration tolerance, awfulizing, and demandingness. When contemplating these unproductive scripts, think of the acronym GLAD.

Worth noting, the two forms of should, must, and ought demands with which people most often distress or disturb are associated with use of absolutistic and conditional beliefs. Generally speaking, these scripts serve as inflexible commands used toward oneself, others, and life.

An absolute must narrative is, “You absolutely must do as I say!” A conditional should narrative is, “Either you should do as I say, or you should be punished!” Noteworthy, in REBT literature, demandingness of this sort is said to function as a primary appraisal mechanism of self-upset.

Global evaluations (i.e., self-downing, other-downing, and life-downing), low frustration tolerance (also known as frustration intolerance), and awfulizing (e.g., terrible, horrible, etc.) function as secondary appraisal mechanisms. Together, GLAD will make you sad or mad, etc.

While still functioning as prescriptive rather than descriptive, flexible use of recommendatory, preferential, ideal, empirical, moral and ethical, and legal ought beliefs won’t inevitably cause disturbance, as they may align with distress. Rigidity versus flexibility makes a difference.

Additionally, from a psychological standpoint, people distress or disturb themselves using a Belief-Consequence (B-C) connection. Of course, this isn’t to suggest that in the context of the naturalistic or physical world there is no Action-Consequence (A-C) connection.

Addressing how people upset themselves with unhelpful attitudes, the ABC model incorporates Disputation of unproductive philosophies of life in order to explore Effective new beliefs. Whereas rigid beliefs cause self-disturbance, flexible beliefs result in an un-disturbed condition.

For clients who blame others for their own reactions to undesirable events, I’m able to alter which version of active-directive REBT I use. Still, some client with whom I’ve worked have also shifted how they present to various sessions. Regarding this matter, AE stated (page 29):

I (AE) recommend that REBT therapists adopt an active-directive style with most clients and a particularly forceful version of that style with some very disturbed and resistant clients (Ellis, 1979, 1985c, 1996a, 1996b). However, not all REBT therapists concur with this view.

Some recommend a more passive, gentle approach under specific or most conditions with clients (e.g., Young, 1984). Eschenroeder (1979) notes that it is important to ask in REBT, “Which therapeutic style is most effective with which kind of client?” (p. 5). In the same vein, recent proponents of eclectic forms of therapy argue that style of therapeutic interaction had better be varied to meet the special situations of individual clients (Beutler, 1983; Lazarus, 1989).

This is a scantily researched area in REBT, but it may be best for REBT therapists to avoid (1) an overly friendly, emotionally charged style of interaction with “hysterical” clients, (2) an overly intellectual style with “obsessive-compulsive” clients, (3) an overly directive style with clients whose sense of autonomy is easily threatened, and (4) an overly active style with clients who easily retreat into passivity.

This line of reasoning fits well with the notion of flexibility that REBT therapists advocate as a desirable therapeutic quality. Varying one’s therapeutic style in REBT does not mean departing from the theoretical principles on which the content of therapy is based.

Learning when to use a forceful version of active-directive REBT takes time and patience. After all, some clients are capable of shifting their own presentation style. Thus, as I conduct therapy with people whose mannerisms are subject to frequently change, I often use another REBT tool.

REBT uses unconditional acceptance (UA) to relieve self-induced suffering. This is accomplished through use of unconditional self-acceptance (USA), unconditional other-acceptance (UOA), and unconditional life-acceptance (ULA).

With my approach to REBT, I incorporate author Stephen Covey’s concepts regarding the circles of control, influence, and concern, as well as an area of no concern. UA maps onto the circle of control (USA), circle of influence (UOA), and circle of concern and area of no concern (ULA).

The circle of control encompasses only oneself, the circle of influence encapsulates elements which may be subject to one’s sway, the circle of concern engrosses most matters one can imagine, and the area of no concern relates to all content which isn’t yet imagined.

As not everyone with whom I work when providing REBT services may benefit from a forceful version of active-directive REBT, I rigorously practice UA for those clients who present in one way for a session, another way at a separate session, and yet another way during other sessions.

Most clients with whom I work practice the ABC model and UA while I also use these tools when working with them. If you’d like to learn more about REBT, knowing that sometimes a forceful version of active-directive REBT is necessary, then I look forward to hearing from you.

If you’re looking for a provider who tries to work to help you understand how thinking impacts physical, mental, emotional, and behavioral elements of your life, I invite you to reach out today by using the contact widget on my website.

As a psychotherapist, I’m pleased to try to help people with an assortment of issues ranging from anger (hostility, rage, and aggression) to relational issues, adjustment matters, trauma experience, justice involvement, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depression, and other mood or personality-related matters.

At Hollings Therapy, LLC, serving all of Texas, I aim to treat clients with dignity and respect while offering a multi-lensed approach to the practice of psychotherapy and life coaching. My mission includes: Prioritizing the cognitive and emotive needs of clients, an overall reduction in client suffering, and supporting sustainable growth for the clients I serve. Rather than simply trying to help you to feel better, I want to try to help you get better!

Deric Hollings, LPC, LCSW

Photo credit, Designed by Magnific, fair use

References:

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Hollings, D. (2023, February 25). Unconditional other-acceptance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/unconditional-other-acceptance

Hollings, D. (2023, March 1). Unconditional self-acceptance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/unconditional-self-acceptance

Hollings, D. (2024, March 18). Unhealthy vs. healthy negative emotions. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/unhealthy-vs-healthy-negative-emotions

Hollings, D. (2024, October 26). Unhelpful expectations. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/unhelpful-expectations

Hollings, D. (2025, September 28). War crimes: A rational course of action. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/war-crimes-a-rational-course-of-action

Hollings, D. (2024, July 1). What you resist usually persists. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/what-you-resist-usually-persists

Hollings, D. (2023, October 20). When diversity isn’t a strength. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/when-diversity-isn-t-a-strength

Hollings, D. (2025, January 10). Who is the one to blame? Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/who-is-the-one-to-blame

Hollings, D. (2026, March 26). You’ll have suffered twice. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/you-ll-have-suffered-twice

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Stephen Covey. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Covey

Yuri Arcurs Collection, The. (n.d.). Army anger ptsd and man in therapy with stress from war and a psychologist for support […] [Image]. Magnific. Retrieved from https://www.magnific.com/premium-photo/army-anger-ptsd-man-therapy-with-stress-from-war-psychologist-support-depression-thinking-military-worker-soldier-with-anxiety-counseling-with-healthcare-professional_58611582.htm#fromView=search&page=1&position=30&uuid=8eb425a6-c053-4d0d-aaf1-fb2258e76f63&query=challenging+therapy