The Speed of Thoughts and Beliefs: Flipping the Bird

[DISCLAIMER]

I invite you to contemplate Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) through use of a psychoeducational lesson spawned by two lyricists that aren’t to be confused with rappers. For context, a rapper merely performs the function of rapping (rhythmic wordplay to a beat).

Some rappers are arguably better than others. A lyricist raps while concentrating on the art of storytelling, devotes attention to written lyrics, experiments with wordplay, emphasizes poetic depth, often uses complex rhyme schemes, and also utilizes a unique ability to deliver lyrics.

While every hip hop lyricist is a rapper of sorts, not every rapper is a lyricist. Truly, the rapper-lyricist distinction is subjective. Admittedly, though I’ve been involved in the hip hop subculture for over four decades, I still go back and forth with consideration of who qualifies as a lyricist.

That said, on the third studio album by lyricist R.A. the Rugged Man, All My Heroes Are Dead (2020), is the song “Gotta Be Dope” featuring lyricist A-F-R-O and producer DJ Jazzy Jeff. Both lyricists exhibit their competency with chopper rap, about which one source states:

Chopper rap, also simply known as chopper, is a subgenre of hip hop music that originated in the Midwestern United States and features fast-paced rhyming or rapping. Those that rap in the style are known as choppers, and rapping in the style is sometimes referred to as chopping.

The style is one of the major forms in hip hop. However, by the early 2000s, it had spread to other parts of the United States including New York City and California; its popularity has since spread around the world. Chopper style places an emphasis on speed of pronunciation.

On “Gotta Be Dope”, as “dope” refers to urban vernacular for something which is desirable—a substitute for the word “cool” (e.g., chopper is a dope style), I appreciate how quickly the lyricists process thought, which the American Psychological Association (APA) thusly defines:

1. the process of thinking [cognitive behavior in which ideas, images, mental representations, or other hypothetical elements of thought are experienced or manipulated. In this sense, thinking includes imagining, remembering, problem solving, daydreaming, free association, concept formation, and many other processes].

2. an idea, image, opinion, or other product of thinking.

3. attention or consideration given to something or someone.

There’s much debate within the field of mental, emotional, and behavioral health (collectively “mental health”) regarding the origin of thought. Enriching this discourse, neuroscientists propose hypotheses about where thoughts come from, as one source suggests:

Thoughts come from nowhere and from everywhere! I think both contain an element of truth. Subjectively, our thoughts come from nowhere: they just pop into our heads, or emerge in the form of words leaving our mouths.

Objectively, we can say that thoughts emerge from neural processes, and that neural processes come from everywhere. What I mean by this is that the forms and dynamics of thought are influenced by everything that has a causal connection with you, your society, and your species.

Another source says, “Thoughts come from our memories, our sensations, and our environment. There’s no command center making sense of it all.” When providing lessons on REBT, I invite people to differentiate between thoughts and beliefs, as the APA thusly defines the latter:

1. acceptance of the truth, reality, or validity of something (e.g., a phenomenon, a person’s veracity), particularly in the absence of substantiation.

2. an association of some characteristic or attribute, usually evaluative in nature, with an attitude object (e.g., this car is reliable).

The way I teach the distinction between thoughts and beliefs is similar to how I differentiate between rappers and lyricists. Recall that I’ve proposed, “While every hip hop lyricist is a rapper of sorts, not every rapper is a lyricist.”

Similarly, while every belief contains a portion of a thought, not every thought is a form of belief. Whereas thoughts are descriptive, beliefs are prescriptive. Thus, the former merely serves as a concept while the latter evaluates these conceptual ideas. According to one APA resource:

We know that an important part of being resilient is something we call “self-efficacy.” That is kind of a big word, but what it means is that we have the belief and thoughts that, while we can’t control everything in our lives, there are a lot of situations in which we can take control and make choices that reflect what matters most to us.

Even when the world around us seems out of control, like when we are not able to do the things we want to do or get what we want, we can still choose our response to those situations. Having a self-efficacy mindset helps us get through hard times. To learn how to do that, it helps to know how our brain works.

When we get stressed, nervous, irritable, or sad, our minds can come up with thoughts that can make us feel worse. These thoughts about our situations seem real and accurate but sometimes they are actually “thinking errors.” And, thinking errors that are repeated over and over again can become habits that we can change.

Fascinatingly, “thinking errors” (also called “cognitive distortions”) can occur in an instant. Just as chopper style rapping places an emphasis on speed of pronunciation, as demonstrated by R.A. the Rugged Man and A-F-R-O, thoughts can cycle in fractions of a second, as one source states:

Caltech researchers have quantified the speed of human thought: a rate of 10 bits per second. However, our bodies’ sensory systems gather data about our environments at a rate of a billion bits per second, which is 100 million times faster than our thought processes.

This new study raises major new avenues of exploration for neuroscientists, in particular: Why can we only think one thing at a time while our sensory systems process thousands of inputs at once?

Being that our thoughts, which form beliefs, move fast—albeit slower than information transmitted by our sensory systems, I posit that the relatively fast speed of thoughts and beliefs is part of what causes thinking or belief-based errors. Allow me to demonstrate this proposal.

REBT uses the ABC model to illustrate that when an undesirable Action occurs and you Believe an unhelpful narrative about the event, it’s your unfavorable assumption, not the occurrence itself, that causes an unpleasant Consequence. This is known as distress or disturbance.

In particular, there are four predominate irrational beliefs which people often use to distress or disturb themselves: global evaluations, low frustration tolerance, awfulizing, and demandingness. When contemplating these unproductive scripts, think of the acronym GLAD.

Additionally, from a psychological standpoint, people distress or disturb themselves using a Belief-Consequence (B-C) connection. Of course, this isn’t to suggest that in the context of the naturalistic or physical world there is no Action-Consequence (A-C) connection.

Photo credit, fair use

The above photo was captured from the official video for “Gotta Be Dope”. It depicts a person dressed in a robot costume and “flipping the bird.” According to one source:

Giving someone the (middle) finger, also known as flipping the bird or flipping someone off, is an obscene hand gesture. The gesture communicates moderate to extreme contempt, and is roughly equivalent in meaning to “fuck you”, “fuck off”, “go fuck yourself”, “shove it up your ass/arse” or “up yours”.

It is performed by showing the back of a hand that has only the middle finger extended upwards, though in some locales, the thumb is extended. Extending the finger is considered a symbol of contempt in several cultures, especially in the Western world.

Many cultures use similar gestures to display their disrespect, although others use them to express pointing without intentional disrespect. The gesture is usually used to express contempt, but can also be used humorously or playfully.

Prior to learning of REBT, I may or may not have been in many road rage incidents when other motorists flipped the bird at me while on the roadway. Using my previous maladaptive thinking, beliefs, emotions, and behavior, I now invite you to consider the A-C versus B-C connections.

From an A-C view, another driver flipped the bird (Action) and I observed the contemptuous hand gesture (Consequence). That’s not what caused me to be enraged. Rather, the B-C connection—that happened in a fraction of a second—is what actually resulted.

I saw a motorist flipping the bird (Action), I then Believed, “This worthless motherfucker [G], I can’t stand him [L], because it’s terrible being disrespected [A], so I must teach him a lesson [D],” and I then may or may not have engaged in a road rage incident (Consequence).

Addressing how people upset themselves with unhelpful attitudes, the ABC model incorporates Disputation of unproductive philosophies of life in order to explore Effective new beliefs. Whereas rigid beliefs cause self-disturbance, flexible beliefs result in an un-disturbed condition.

Years of maybe or maybe not having engaged in multiple road rage incidents, some of which could possibly have turned deadly in an instant, were largely resolved when I discovered REBT. Even with the speed of thoughts and beliefs occurring in an instant, I can use the ABC model.

In all honestly, I don’t practice REBT perfectly. After all, I’m merely a fallible human being. Still, the ABC model affords me an opportunity to counter maladaptive thinking and beliefs, which can occur as quickly as R.A. the Rugged Man and A-F-R-O can perform chopper style.

Now, I invite you to contemplate this psychoeducational lesson on REBT—spawned by two lyricists that aren’t to be confused with rappers. As well, if you have any questions about how the ABC model may be of benefit to you, then I look forward to hearing from you.

If you’re looking for a provider who tries to work to help understand how thinking impacts physical, mental, emotional, and behavioral elements of your life—helping you to sharpen your critical thinking skills, I invite you to reach out today by using the contact widget on my website.

As the world’s foremost hip hop-influenced REBT psychotherapist, I’m pleased to try to help people with an assortment of issues from anger (hostility, rage, and aggression) to relational issues, adjustment matters, trauma experience, justice involvement, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depression, and other mood or personality-related matters.

At Hollings Therapy, LLC, serving all of Texas, I aim to treat clients with dignity and respect while offering a multi-lensed approach to the practice of psychotherapy and life coaching. My mission includes: Prioritizing the cognitive and emotive needs of clients, an overall reduction in client suffering, and supporting sustainable growth for the clients I serve. Rather than simply trying to help you to feel better, I want to try to help you get better!

Deric Hollings, LPC, LCSW

References:

APA. (2024, October 2). Lesson 3: The mind. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/education-career/k12/resources/grades-4-8-lesson-mind-3

APA. (n.d.). Seven thinking errors. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/education-career/k12/resources/seven-thinking-errors-worksheet.pdf

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Attention. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/attention

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Attitude object. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/attitude-object

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Belief. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/belief

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Characteristic. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/characteristic

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Concept formation. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/concept-formation

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Consideration. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/consideration

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Daydream. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/daydream

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2023, November 15). Free association. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/free-association

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Irritability. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/irritability

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Mental representation. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/mental-representation

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Nervous. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/nervous

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Neural. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/neural

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Phenomenon. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/phenomenon

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Sadness. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/sadness

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2023, November 15). Self-efficacy. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/self-efficacy

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Sensory. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/sensory

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Species. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/species

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Thinking. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/thinking

APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Thought. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/thought

Dajose, L. (2024, December 17). Thinking slowly: The paradoxical slowness of human behavior. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved from https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/thinking-slowly-the-paradoxical-slowness-of-human-behavior

Drinko, C. (2026, April 2). Where do your thoughts come from, anyway? Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/play-your-way-sane/202512/where-do-your-thoughts-come-from-anyway

Hollings, D. (2025, December 1). A diagnosis is a form of hypothesis. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/a-diagnosis-is-a-form-of-hypothesis

Hollings, D. (2023, September 13). Acceptance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/acceptance

Hollings, D. (2026, February 8). Adaptive and maladaptive emotions and behavior. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/adaptive-and-maladaptive-emotions-and-behavior

Hollings, D. (2025, October 19). Adhering to invisible scripts. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/adhering-to-invisible-scripts

Hollings, D. (2025, September 24). Animalistic instinct: Just because it seems right doesn’t mean it is. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/animalistic-instinct-just-because-it-seems-right-doesn-t-mean-it-is

Hollings, D. (2026, February 14). Anxiety: Stress don’t affect us, that’s just a part of what living is. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/anxiety-stress-don-t-affect-us-that-s-just-a-part-of-what-living-is

Hollings, D. (2023, October 6). Arguing attributes of ability. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/arguing-attributes-of-ability

Hollings, D. (2024, November 15). Assumptions. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/assumptions

Hollings, D. (2024, November 24). Automatic thoughts and beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/automatic-thoughts-and-beliefs

Hollings, D. (2024, August 7). Awfulizing. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/awfulizing

Hollings, D. (2026, March 3). Blowback and knock-on effects: Subjectivity of beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/blowback-and-knock-on-effects-subjectivity-of-beliefs

Hollings, D. (2024, May 19). Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/cognitive-behavior-therapy-cbt

Hollings, D. (2024, May 18). Cognitive distortions. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/cognitive-distortions

Hollings, D. (2023, April 22). Control. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/control

Hollings, D. (2024, October 27). Correlation does not imply causation. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/correlation-does-not-imply-causation

Hollings, D. (2022, October 31). Demandingness. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/demandingness

Hollings, D. (2025, October 31). Depression and reasoned choice. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/depression-and-reasoned-choice

Hollings, D. (2022, October 5). Description vs. prescription. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/description-vs-prescription

Hollings, D. (2024, February 9). Diminished faculties and faulty memory. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/diminished-faculties-and-faulty-memory

Hollings, D. (2022, March 15). Disclaimer. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/disclaimer

Hollings, D. (2025, March 12). Distress vs. disturbance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/distress-vs-disturbance

Hollings, D. (2024, July 2). Environmental change. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/environmental-change

Hollings, D. (2025, December 5). Evaluations and appraisals: Men are gross, trash, and pigs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/evaluations-and-appraisals-men-are-gross-trash-and-pigs

Hollings, D. (2023, September 8). Fair use. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/fair-use

Hollings, D. (2024, May 11). Fallible human being. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/fallible-human-being

Hollings, D. (2024, March 28). Faulty memory. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/faulty-memory

Hollings, D. (2024, May 17). Feeling better vs. getting better. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/feeling-better-vs-getting-better-1

Hollings, D. (2026, February 13). Five, four, three… beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/five-four-three-beliefs

Hollings, D. (2023, October 12). Get better. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/get-better

Hollings, D. (2023, September 13). Global evaluations. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/global-evaluations

Hollings, D. (n.d.). Hollings Therapy, LLC [Official website]. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/

Hollings, D. (2024, May 24). Imagery. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/imagery

Hollings, D. (2026, January 30). Imagine doing a good deed without telling others about it. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/imagine-doing-a-good-deed-without-telling-others-about-it

Hollings, D. (2024, February 14). Insufferable vs. undesirable. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/insufferable-vs-undesirable

Hollings, D. (2025, June 13). It isn’t manly to be enraged. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/it-isn-t-manly-to-be-enraged

Hollings, D. (2026, April 3). Kno one: A negative evaluation – People aren’t their behavior. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/kno-one-a-negative-evaluation-people-aren-t-their-behavior

Hollings, D. (2023, September 19). Life coaching. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/life-coaching

Hollings, D. (2025, August 8). Life is too short for habitual line-steppers. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/life-is-too-short-for-habitual-line-steppers

Hollings, D. (2024, November 20). Love through societal focus. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/love-through-societal-focus

Hollings, D. (2022, December 2). Low frustration tolerance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/low-frustration-tolerance

Hollings, D. (2024, February 15). Make it make sense. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/make-it-make-sense

Hollings, D. (2024, March 4). Mental, emotional, and behavioral health. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/mental-emotional-and-behavioral-health

Hollings, D. (2025, November 16). Mental health, mental illness, and mental disorder. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/mental-health-mental-illness-and-mental-disorder

Hollings, D. (2026, March 7). Mind, body, and soul. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/mind-body-soul

Hollings, D. (2022, May 19). Mind tricks. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/mind-tricks

Hollings, D. (2024, September 27). My attitude. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/my-attitude

Hollings, D. (2025, August 2). My philosophy. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/my-philosophy

Hollings, D. (2024, May 30). Nobody’s perfect. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/nobody-s-perfect

Hollings, D. (2026, April 4). Objective reality. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/objective-reality

Hollings, D. (2023, September 3). On feelings. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/on-feelings

Hollings, D. (2023, April 24). On truth. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/on-truth

Hollings, D. (2024, November 18). Opinions. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/opinions

Hollings, D. (2026, January 28). Pigs, hypothetically speaking. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/pigs-hypothetically-speaking

Hollings, D. (2025, November 13). Problem solving in regard to anger: How to eat an elephant. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/problem-solving-in-regard-to-anger-how-to-eat-an-elephant

Hollings, D. (2024, January 1). Psychoeducation. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/psychoeducation

Hollings, D. (2024, May 5). Psychotherapist. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/psychotherapist

Hollings, D. (2022, March 24). Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rational-emotive-behavior-therapy-rebt

Hollings, D. (2025, June 16). Reacting emotionally will only make the situation worse. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/reacting-emotionally-will-only-make-the-situation-worse

Hollings, D. (2024, July 18). REBT flexibility. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rebt-flexibility

Hollings, D. (2024, January 20). Reliability vs. validity. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/reliability-vs-validity

Hollings, D. (2024, May 8). Resilience. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/resilience

Hollings, D. (2025, April 26). Respect game or expect flames. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/respect-game-or-expect-flames

Hollings, D. (2024, January 4). Rigid vs. rigorous. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rigid-vs-rigorous

Hollings, D. (2023, March 9). Road rage. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/road-rage

Hollings, D. (2022, November 1). Self-disturbance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/self-disturbance

Hollings, D. (2026, April 21). Self-upset. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/self-upset

Hollings, D. (2024, April 21). Sensation. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/sensation

Hollings, D. (2022, December 23). The A-C connection. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-a-c-connection

Hollings, D. (2022, December 25). The B-C connection. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-b-c-connection

Hollings, D. (2025, October 22). The construct. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-construct

Hollings, D. (2026, April 23). The three traditionally identified components of the mind: Affect, cognition, and conation. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/ the-three-traditionally-identified-components-of-the-mind-affect-cognition-and-conation

Hollings, D. (2025, April 15). This cake smells unpleasant. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/this-cake-smells-unpleasant

Hollings, D. (2025, February 28). To try is my goal. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/to-try-is-my-goal

Hollings, D. (2025, January 9). Traditional ABC model. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/traditional-abc-model

Hollings, D. (2024, October 26). Unhelpful expectations. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/unhelpful-expectations

Hollings, D. (2023, May 3). Want vs. need. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/want-vs-need

Hollings, D. (2026, March 8). You are not your beliefs or ideas. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/you-are-not-your-beliefs-or-ideas

John, Y. (2016, October 21). Where do our thoughts come from? Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2016/10/21/where-do-our-thoughts-come-from/

RAtheRuggedManTV. (2020, May 21). R.A. the Rugged Man - Gotta Be Dope (feat. A-F-R-O and DJ Jazzy Jeff) (Official music video) [Image; video]. YouTube. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/6QSy4MPYc_Y?si=WxXiopAqT81Pr5aI

Wikipedia. (n.d.). A-F-R-O. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-F-R-O

Wikipedia. (n.d.). All My Heroes Are Dead. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Heroes_Are_Dead

Wikipedia. (n.d.). California Institute of Technology. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Chopper (rap). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_(rap)

Wikipedia. (n.d.). DJ Jazzy Jeff. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Neuroscience. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience

Wikipedia. (n.d.). R.A. the Rugged Man. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.A._the_Rugged_Man

Wikipedia. (n.d.). The finger. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_finger