Conditional Reasoning: Unconditionally Accepting What Is

[DISCLAIMER]

Logic and Reason

I view many events through the proverbial lens of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Herein, I’ll provide a psychoeducational lesson that involves thinking and believing which is rational (in accordance with both logic and reason), or not (i.e., irrational), as it regards REBT.

Here, “logic” is the interrelation or sequence of facts or events when seen as inevitable or predictable, and “reason” is a statement offered in explanation or justification. For instance, a modus ponens syllogism uses the following logical form: If p, then q; p; therefore, q.

Before I provide an example, it may be useful to know that one source states, “A theory is, in general, any hypothesis or set of ideas about something, formed in any number of ways through any sort of reasoning for any sort of reason.” Colloquially, a “theory” alludes to a mere belief.

If every theory in which I believe possibly could be true or real (p), then every theory in which I believe empirically must be true or real (q). Every theory in which I believe possibly could be true or real (p). Therefore, every theory in which I believe empirically must be true or real (q).

This proposition follows logical form; yet I argue that it isn’t reasonable, because what could be isn’t necessarily what is. Thus, I consider this syllogistic belief as that relating to irrationality. Nevertheless, I have little doubt that at least one person on this planet disagrees with my outlook.

Noteworthy, my worldview is subjective (characteristic of or belonging to reality as perceived rather than as independent of mind). Thus, not everyone agrees with what everybody else deems as rational or not. Irrespective of advocacy for equality, not everyone maintains the same views.

For clarity, the American Psychological Association (APA) defines subjective as “taking place or existing only within the mind,” and defines objective as “having verifiable existence in the external world, independently of any opinion or judgment.”

Also, a rational perspective for one person may not be considered rational by members of a group. For example, people dedicating themselves to the practice of science may fervently disagree with referring to a mere belief as a “theory.” I agree! Yet, this is my subjective view.

Conditional Reasoning and the ABC Model

I now invite you to consider that the APA defines a condition as “a logical antecedent on which a conclusion is dependent or an empirical antecedent on which an event or state is dependent.” When subjective conditions are used to form the construct of a belief, irrationality may result.

Furthermore, the APA states of conditional reasoning, “[R]easoning that takes the form “if X, then Y,” as in If Sam is male, then Sam is not a mother. In formal logic, the statement that follows if is called the antecedent and that following then is called the consequent.”

As an example, if (antecedent) you aren’t paying attention to this blogpost (X), then (consequent) you’ll misunderstand a lesson on conditional reasoning (Y). When practicing REBT, conditional reasoning is frequently addressed when using the ABC model.

REBT uses the ABC model to illustrate that when an undesirable Action occurs and you Believe an unhelpful narrative about the event, it’s your unfavorable assumption, not the occurrence itself, that causes an unpleasant Consequence. This is known as distress or disturbance.

In particular, there are four predominate irrational beliefs which people often use to distress or disturb themselves: global evaluations, low frustration tolerance, awfulizing, and demandingness. When contemplating these unproductive scripts, think of the acronym GLAD.

For instance, you don’t pay attention to this blogpost (Action), I Believe, “If you aren’t paying attention, then you’re worthless [G], and I can’t stand you [L], because it’s awful that you’re wasting my time [A], as you shouldn’t do so [D],” and I then become upset (Consequence).

This if-then (i.e., antecedent-consequent) form of conditional reasoning that I’ve illustrated is how individuals self-distress (e.g., negative though healthy annoyance) and self-disturb (e.g., negative but unhealthy rage). Thus, when a condition isn’t met, unreasonableness follows.

Addressing how people upset themselves with unhelpful attitudes, the ABC model incorporates Disputation of unproductive philosophies of life in order to explore Effective new beliefs. Whereas rigid beliefs cause self-disturbance, flexible beliefs result in an un-disturbed condition.

David Hume’s Is-Ought Problem

Photo credit (edited), artist: Allan Ramsay, fair use

One issue with subjective conditional beliefs is that other people also maintain their own personal conditional attitudes, as fallible human beings often look past objective views of life when using subjective conditions. Of this, I stated in Rearranging Deck Chairs on the Titanic:

[T]he late philosopher David Hume essentially stated that a person cannot derive an ought from an is. This means that when faced with truth and reality (is), an individual cannot rationally demand what ought to instead be the case.

For instance, imagine that you were a passenger on the Titanic as it began to sink (is). Rather than using your remaining moments to seek proper safety measures, you instead unproductively demanded, “This ought not to happen, because I don’t want this ship to sink!”

Your futile efforts wouldn’t improve matters, because what is—the Titanic slowly submerging into the North Atlantic Ocean—has nothing to do with what you believe ought to instead occur. Thus, you may as well rearrange deck chairs on the Titanic, because that’s equally nonsensical.

Conditional reasoning, when used irrationally, is the logical equivalent to believing that if (antecedent) you arrange deck chairs on the Titanic (X), then (consequent) you’d somehow survive the sinking event (Y). Moreover, such irrationality violates Hume’s is-ought problem.

Stoicism and Unconditional Acceptance

Presuming you comprehend the is-ought problem, I invite you to consider that REBT uses Stoic philosophy. This post is part of a series about a book entitled The Daily Stoic: 366 Meditations on Wisdom, Perseverance, and the Art of Living by Ryan Holiday and Stephen Hanselman.

The authors quote ancient Stoic philosopher Epictetus who stated, “Don’t seek for everything to happen as you wish it would [i.e., ought], but rather wish that everything happens as it actually will [i.e., is]—then your life will flow well” (page 332). People often violate this is-ought view.

Sometimes, flexible wishes tend to morph into inflexible demands. As an example, if something doesn’t go as you believed it ought to have (i.e., demanded), even when you maintained that you merely wished for a specific outcome, then you may self-distress or self-disturb (e.g., anger).

It’s one matter to use a flexible condition, though an altogether other issue when using inflexible conditions. For instance, authors of The Daily Stoic offer another Epictetus quote, as the ancient Stoic philosopher stated (page 332):

It is easy to praise providence for anything that may happen if you have two qualities: a complete view of what has actually happened [i.e., is] in each instance and a sense of gratitude. Without gratitude what is the point of seeing, and without seeing what is the object of gratitude?

For context, the APA defines gratitude as “a sense of thankfulness and happiness in response to receiving a gift, either a tangible benefit (e.g., a present, favor) given by someone or a fortunate happenstance (e.g., a beautiful day).” Imagine that Epictetus appealed to flexibility in his quote.

When considering what merely is, one may be flexibly grateful for life unfolding in accord to its own conditions—not one’s own conditionally-reasoned view (i.e., ought). Of this arguably helpful perspective, authors of The Daily Stoic state (page 332):

Something happened that we wish had not. Which of these is easiest to change: our opinion [i.e., ought] or the event that is past [i.e., is]? The answer is obvious.

Accept what happened and change your wish that it had not happened. Stoicism calls this the “art of acquiescence”—to accept rather than fight every little thing.

Noteworthy, the APA defines acceptance as “a favorable attitude toward an idea, situation, person, or group.” From what I gather, the “art of acquiescence” is a matter of acceptance of Hume’s is-ought conclusion. It regards letting go of inflexible beliefs about what simply is.

REBT uses unconditional acceptance (UA) to relieve self-induced suffering in this regard. This is accomplished through use of unconditional self-acceptance (USA), unconditional other-acceptance (UOA), and unconditional life-acceptance (ULA).

With my approach to REBT, I incorporate author Stephen Covey’s concepts regarding the circles of control, influence, and concern, as well as an area of no concern. UA maps onto the circle of control (USA), circle of influence (UOA), and circle of concern and area of no concern (ULA).

The circle of control encompasses only oneself, the circle of influence encapsulates elements which may be subject to one’s sway, the circle of concern engrosses most matters one can imagine, and the area of no concern relates to all content which isn’t yet imagined.

Concerning my personal and professional practice of UA, I don’t often flexibly or inflexibly incorporate gratitude into my approach to REBT. This is where other Stoics and I differ in our philosophical perspectives. For instance, authors of The Daily Stoic state (page 332):

And the most practiced Stoics take it [acceptance] a step further. Instead of simply accepting what happens, they urge us to actually enjoy what has happened—whatever it is. Nietzsche, many centuries later, coined the perfect expression to capture this idea: amor fati (a love of fate). It’s not just accepting, it’s loving everything that happens.

I regard this perspective as little more than irrational. While I’m willing and able to unconditionally accept what is, I’m not about to like or love what simply is. Allow me to illustrate the flexible form of conditional reasoning that I’m using to justify my position.

Per one source, “during the first three weeks of the major escalation between the armed group Hezbollah and Israel occurring since 2 March 2026, during which at least 1,029 people were killed, 2,786 injured, and more than one million persons displaced in Lebanon,” as civilians died.

I unconditionally accept that noncombatants died as a result of military aggression. Yet, I maintain that if (antecedent) I were grateful for or loved this fact, then (consequent) I’d advocate terrorism (the use of violence against noncombatants to achieve political or ideological aims).

I don’t advocate terrorism, let alone love it or retain gratitude for it. Bear in mind, as I’ve expressed within this blogpost, points of view are subjective. Thus, you’re welcome to love terrorism, if you so choose. In any event, authors of The Daily Stoic conclude (page 332):

To wish for what has happened to happen is a clever way to avoid disappointment because nothing is contrary to your desires. But to actually feel gratitude for what happens? To love it? That’s a recipe for happiness and joy.

I imagine that if the authors remained dedicated to their Stoic principles regarding gratitude and love for anything that is, then collecting the separated remains of a charged infant that was killed by an Israeli bomb would be an event about which they’d happily and joyously smile. Right?

If you’re the sort of individual who experiences happiness and joy in such circumstances, then you and I aren’t the same. Ergo, using flexible conditional reasoning, I’m unconditionally accepting what is—the fact that some people apparently laud the outcome of terrorism.

If you’re looking for a provider who tries to work to help understand how thinking impacts physical, mental, emotional, and behavioral elements of your life—helping you to sharpen your critical thinking skills, I invite you to reach out today by using the contact widget on my website.

As a psychotherapist, I’m pleased to try to help people with an assortment of issues ranging from anger (hostility, rage, and aggression) to relational issues, adjustment matters, trauma experience, justice involvement, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depression, and other mood or personality-related matters.

At Hollings Therapy, LLC, serving all of Texas, I aim to treat clients with dignity and respect while offering a multi-lensed approach to the practice of psychotherapy and life coaching. My mission includes: Prioritizing the cognitive and emotive needs of clients, an overall reduction in client suffering, and supporting sustainable growth for the clients I serve. Rather than simply trying to help you to feel better, I want to try to help you get better!

Deric Hollings, LPC, LCSW

References:

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Daily Stoic. (n.d.). Translating the Stoics: An interview with “The Daily Stoic” co-author Stephen Hanselman. Retrieved from https://dailystoic.com/stephen-hanselman-interview/

Holiday, R. and Hanselman, S. (2016). The daily stoic: 366 meditations on wisdom, perseverance, and the art of living. Penguin Random House LLC. Retrieved from https://www.pdfdrive.com/the-daily-stoic-366-meditations-on-wisdom-perseverance-and-the-art-of-living-d61378067.html

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Hollings, D. (2025, January 9). Traditional ABC model. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/traditional-abc-model

Hollings, D. (2024, October 20). Unconditional acceptance redux. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/unconditional-acceptance-redux

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Hollings, D. (2023, March 1). Unconditional self-acceptance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/unconditional-self-acceptance

Hollings, D. (2024, October 26). Unhelpful expectations. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/unhelpful-expectations

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Hollings, D. (2024, July 3). What equality? Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/what-equality

Hollings, D. (2023, October 10). When others don’t share your worldview. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/when-others-don-t-share-your-worldview

Hollings, D. (2024, April 17). Wishes, dreams, and goals. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/wishes-dreams-and-goals

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Hollings, D. (2026, March 26). You’ll have suffered twice. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/you-ll-have-suffered-twice

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