Emotional Appeals and Social Contagion
I view many events through the proverbial lens of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), as I’ll provide a psychoeducational lesson that involves thinking and believing which is rational (in accordance with both logic and reason), or not (i.e., irrational), as it regards REBT herein.
Here, “logic” is the interrelation or sequence of facts or events when seen as inevitable or predictable, and “reason” is a statement offered in explanation or justification. For instance, a modus ponens syllogism uses the following logical form: If p, then q; p; therefore, q.
Before I provide an example, it may be useful to know that one source states, “A theory is, in general, any hypothesis or set of ideas about something, formed in any number of ways through any sort of reasoning for any sort of reason.” Colloquially, a “theory” alludes to a mere belief.
If every theory in which I believe possibly could be true or real (p), then every theory in which I believe empirically must be true or real (q). Every theory in which I believe possibly could be true or real (p). Therefore, every theory in which I believe empirically must be true or real (q).
This proposition follows logical form; yet I argue that it isn’t reasonable, because what could be isn’t necessarily what is. Thus, I consider this syllogistic belief as that relating to irrationality. Nevertheless, I have little doubt that at least one person on this planet disagrees with my outlook.
Noteworthy, my worldview is subjective (characteristic of or belonging to reality as perceived rather than as independent of mind). Thus, not everyone agrees with what everybody else deems as rational or not. Irrespective of advocacy for equality, not everyone maintains the same views.
For clarity, the American Psychological Association (APA) defines subjective as “taking place or existing only within the mind,” and defines objective as “having verifiable existence in the external world, independently of any opinion or judgment.”
Also, a rational perspective for one person may not be considered rational by members of a group. For example, people dedicating themselves to the practice of science may fervently disagree with referring to a mere belief as a “theory.” I agree! Yet, this is my subjective view.
Now, I’ve paid attention to a legal case regarding the reported 2024 Cornell University rape allegations. For context, one source states:
On September 16, 2026, an anonymous former student of Cornell University identified under the pseudonym Jane Doe filed a civil lawsuit against the university, its Chi Phi fraternity chapter, and a group of seven student members of the fraternity among others [colloquially referred to as the “Cornell 7”].
Doe alleged that she was drugged and gang raped by the seven students at the Chi Phi fraternity house in 2024, and that Cornell failed to protect her and punish the alleged perpetrators. [Thus far, the matter hasn’t been criminally prosecuted, though civil litigation is currently pending.]
When the topic of sexual assault and rape arises, I find that many people simply refuse to think rationally. Rather, they irrationally appeal to emotion. For clarity, one source states:
Appeal to Emotion
(also known as: appeal to pathos, argument by vehemence, playing on emotions, emotional appeal, for the children)
Description: This is the general category of many fallacies that use emotion in place of reason in order to attempt to win the argument. It is a type of manipulation used in place of valid logic.
[…] [K]eep in mind that you can take any emotion, precede it with, “appeal to”, and you have created a new fallacy, but by definition, the emotion must be used in place of a valid reason for supporting the conclusion.
Logical Form:
Claim X is made without evidence.
In place of evidence, emotion is used to convince the interlocutor that X is true.
Example #1:
Power lines cause cancer. I met a little boy with cancer who lived just 20 miles from a power line who looked into my eyes and said, in his weak voice, “Please do whatever you can so that other kids won’t have to go through what I am going through.” I urge you to vote for this bill to tear down all power lines and replace them with monkeys on treadmills.
Explanation: Notice the form of the example: assertion, emotional appeal, request for action (conclusion) – nowhere is there any evidence presented. We can all tear up over the image of a little boy with cancer who is expressing concern for others rather than taking pity on himself, but that has nothing to do with the assertion or the conclusion.
Example #2:
There must be objective rights and wrongs in the universe. If not, how can you possibly say that torturing babies for fun could ever be right?
Explanation: The thought of people torturing babies for fun immediately brings up unpleasant images (in sane people). The actual argument (implied) is that there are objective (universal) rights and wrongs (morality). The argument is worded in such a way to connect the argument’s conclusions (that there is objective morality) with the idea that torturing babies for fun is wrong (this is also a non sequitur fallacy). No matter how we personally feel about a horrible act, our feelings are not a valid substitution for an objective reason behind why the act is horrible.
Exceptions: Appealing to emotions is a very powerful and necessary technique in persuasion. We are emotional creatures; therefore, we often make decisions and form beliefs erroneously based on emotions, when reason and logic tell us otherwise. However, using appeals to emotion as a backup to rational and logical arguments is not only valid, but a skill possessed by virtually every great communicator.
Tip: By appealing to both the brain and the heart, you will persuade the greatest number of people.
I’m appreciative for the aforementioned source that carefully outlined the matter of emotional appeals. When used in conjunction with rational beliefs and arguments, I don’t consider these types of arguments as inherently good or bad, right or wrong.
Nonetheless, as such assertions regard the so-called Cornell 7 and Jane Doe, I’ve not observed many rational beliefs and arguments being utilized. Rather than straw-manning the matter, allow me to provide one real-world example.
In the comment section of a Daily Mail article posted within the past hour (from the drafting of this blogpost), person X stated, “It’s the word of 7 people vs 1 person. Why should we believe 1 person over 7? That one person needs very strong evidence not just words out of their mouth.”
Person X appears to advocate the standard of due process. This is an evidentiary legal standard within the United States (U.S.). Nevertheless, person Y retorted with an emotional appeal by simply stating, “Hope you don’t have daughters.” This isn’t a rational response.
Photo credit, Designed by Magnific, fair use
The distorted inference is that one who advocates evidentiary standards doesn’t care about potential victims. Emotional appeals of this sort are presumably intended to silence the persons X of the world who value logic and reason, as well as likely maintaining rational compassion.
After all, rational thinking and having concern for others isn’t a matter of mutual exclusivity. Therefore, the persons X of the world can advocate due process rights for the so-called Cornell 7 (to include both criminal and civil standards of justice) while also caring about Jane Doe.
All the same, utilization of emotional appeals in place of rational arguments isn’t a standard that legally should exist within the U.S. Where is my evidence for this claim? Due Process Clauses are found in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. That’s where!
Now, without use of emotional appeals (e.g., “Hope you don’t have daughters”), where is the evidence supporting the abolition of U.S. constitutional procedure? To me, such irrationality meets the standard of social contagion, which the APA thusly defines:
[The spread of behaviors, attitudes, and affect through crowds and other types of social aggregates from one member to another. Early analyses of social contagion suggested that it resulted from the heightened suggestibility of members and likened the process to the spread of contagious diseases.
Subsequent studies suggest that social contagion is sustained by relatively mundane interpersonal processes, such as imitation, conformity, universality, and mimicry. Also called group contagion.
When emotional appeals spread like a social contagion, the society within the U.S. then reflects illness rather than wellness. Therefore, as an antidote to irrational group contagion, I argue that emotional appeals are no substitute for rational thinking!
If you’re looking for a provider who tries to work to help understand how thinking impacts physical, mental, emotional, and behavioral elements of your life—helping you to sharpen your critical thinking skills, I invite you to reach out today by using the contact widget on my website.
As a psychotherapist, I’m pleased to try to help people with an assortment of issues ranging from anger (hostility, rage, and aggression) to relational issues, adjustment matters, trauma experience, justice involvement, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depression, and other mood or personality-related matters.
At Hollings Therapy, LLC, serving all of Texas, I aim to treat clients with dignity and respect while offering a multi-lensed approach to the practice of psychotherapy and life coaching. My mission includes: Prioritizing the cognitive and emotive needs of clients, an overall reduction in client suffering, and supporting sustainable growth for the clients I serve. Rather than simply trying to help you to feel better, I want to try to help you get better!
Deric Hollings, LPC, LCSW
References:
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