Value Judgment
Earlier, I listened to an electronic dance music (EDM) DJ set, by a Brasilian DJ going by the name Dani Ebner, as part of her Pão de Queijo Sessions music series. For clarity, pão de queijo is a small cheese bread, baked cheese roll, or cheese ball, which is a popular snack and breakfast food in Brasil, originating in the state of Minas Gerais, Brasil—from which Ebner hails.
When enlisted in the United States (U.S.) Marine Corps (1996-2007), while serving as a Marine Security Guard (MSG; 1999-2001), I often ate pão de queijo. Thus, while listening to Ebner’s set and occasionally watching the associated video, I recalled an event from my time as an MSG.
In particular, I thought of a psychoeducational lesson on Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Specifically, during the era when I frequently ate pão de queijo, a Marine Corps captain who was infamous for his bullying style of MSG inspections visited Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
As a member of MSG detachment (det) Rio, I didn’t know exactly what to anticipate or expect regarding the captain’s visit. One rumor circling the MSG communication network was that prior to his trip to Rio, the captain had apparently failed another MSG det during their inspection.
Precisely, I was informed that as the mess (i.e., food) non-commissioned officer (NCO)—the MSG personally responsible and accountable for collecting funds for food, procuring edible products, and maintaining a detailed log of transitions, my mess NCO logs would be audited.
For context, imagine that there were eight Marines in the det. In this scenario, suppose that I collected $600 from each MSG, totaling $4,800. I used those funds to purchase products from the U.S., as well as buying items from local markets in Brasil. I logged all financial activity.
Reportedly, the captain who visited the det prior to Rio was said to have exhibited negative, but unhealthy anger and aggression when a mess NCO’s log was mathematically unbalanced. Also, members of our det were told that the captain failed MSGs on their uniform inspections.
For clarity, MSGs were required to keep pristine uniform items to such an onerous degree that many of us had two sets of uniforms—those that we wore, and those unworn items which were solely for purposes of inspection (e.g., pressed underwear with proper identification markings).
In the photo above is my uniform locker that was used for uniform inspections. If you look closely, you can see that the locker door alignment is off. This is because following the captain’s MSG det Rio visit, my uniform locker was thereafter damaged. The captain lost his shit!
Specifically, as I’d been warned, the captain tore through my mess NCO log and I failed my audit, due to something like a thirteen-cent surplus. Afterward, he extracted uniform items from my locker, tossed them across my room, and yelled at me, apparently trying to prod me to react.
Even though I didn’t get along with the MSG det Rio assistant det commander, he attempted to console me during the captain’s episode of negative, but unhealthy anger and aggression. “It’s okay,” he said to me as the captain was tearing through my locker, “it’ll be over soon.”
Now, REBT uses the ABC model to illustrate that when an undesirable Action occurs and you Believe an unhelpful narrative about it, it’s your unfavorable assumption, not the occurrence itself, that causes an unpleasant Consequence. This is known as distress or disturbance.
Noteworthy, with virtually any undesirable Action that occurs, it’s your unfavorable Beliefs which cause unpleasant distress or disturbance (Consequence). Given this framing of self-distress and self-disturbance, it’s worth noting that one REBT source states (page 71):
REBT conceptualizes [distress] as healthy even though it is intense. Other approaches to therapy have as their goal the reduction of the intensity of negative emotions. They take this position because they do not keenly differentiate between healthy negative emotions (distress) and unhealthy negative emotions (disturbance).
Now, REBT keenly distinguishes between healthy distress and unhealthy disturbance. Healthy distress stems from your rational beliefs about a negative activating event [Action], whilst disturbance stems from your irrational beliefs about the same event.
Complete elimination of distress is highly unlikely in an impermanent and uncertain world wherein people conceptually suffer, struggle, and battle with, or merely experience hardship. Still, individuals often make matters worse for themselves by disturbing about such instances.
In particular, there are four predominate irrational beliefs which people often use to distress or disturb themselves: global evaluations, low frustration tolerance, awfulizing, and demandingness. When contemplating these unproductive beliefs, think of the acronym GLAD.
Worth noting, the two forms of should, must, and ought demands with which people most often distress or disturb are associated with use of absolutistic and conditional beliefs. Generally speaking, these scripts serve as inflexible commands used toward oneself, others, and life.
An absolute must narrative is, “You absolutely must do as I say!” A conditional should narrative is, “Either you should do as I say, or you should be punished!” Noteworthy, in REBT literature, demandingness of this sort is said to function as a primary appraisal mechanism of self-upset.
Global evaluations (i.e., self-downing, other-downing, and life-downing), low frustration tolerance (also known as frustration intolerance), and awfulizing (e.g., terrible, horrible, etc.) function as secondary appraisal mechanisms. Together, GLAD will make you sad or mad, etc.
While still functioning as prescriptive rather than descriptive, flexible use of recommendatory, preferential, ideal, empirical, moral and ethical, and legal ought beliefs won’t inevitably cause disturbance, as they may align with distress. Rigidity versus flexibility makes a difference.
Additionally, from a psychological standpoint, people distress or disturb themselves using a Belief-Consequence (B-C) connection. Of course, this isn’t to suggest that in the context of the naturalistic or physical world there is no Action-Consequence (A-C) connection.
From an A-C view, a captain used bullying antics during my logbook and uniform inspection (Action), as I unfavorably failed my audit and uniform inspections (Consequence). It was undesirable. Still, it was my B-C, but not A-C, connection that caused an unpleasant reaction.
Now, consider that the American Psychological Association (APA) defines value as both “a moral, social, or aesthetic principle accepted by an individual or society as a guide to what is good, desirable, or important” and “the worth, usefulness, or importance attached to something.”
I had a value regarding mutual respect. Yet, the captain apparently didn’t value my principle. Also worth noting, the APA defines judgment as “the capacity to recognize relationships, draw conclusions from evidence, and make critical evaluations of events and people.”
During the captain’s bullying episode, I judged his behavior as intolerable. Concerning this unhelpfully drawn conclusion, it’s further worth noting that the APA thusly defines value judgment:
[A]n assessment of individuals, objects, or events in terms of the values held by the observer rather than in terms of their intrinsic characteristics objectively considered. In some areas, such as aesthetics or morality, where there often are no objective right or wrong responses, value judgments are common, but in hard and social sciences they are frequently considered undesirable.
If it’s worth (i.e., if it has value) saying once, I maintain that it’s valuable to say it twice! The APA noted, “In some areas, such as aesthetics or morality, where there often are no objective right or wrong responses.” I, too, maintain that there’s no evidence of objective morality.
For instance, value judgements regarding what I considered good, bad, right, and wrong clearly weren’t shared by the Marine captain who inspected MSG det Rio. Now, for your further consideration, one source states:
A value judgment (or normative judgment) is a judgement of the rightness or wrongness of something or someone, or of the usefulness of something or someone. A value judgment is a thought about something based on what it “ought” or “should” be given an opinion about what counts as “good” or “bad” — a contrast from a thought based on what the facts are.
E.g. “The government should improve access to education” is a value judgment (that education is good). “People will buy less of our products if our price goes up” is not a value judgment because it is based on the fact that people tend to buy less of a more expensive product.
It can be used either in a positive sense, signifying that a judgment must be made taking a value system into account, or in a disparaging sense, signifying a judgment made by personal whim rather than objective thought or evidence.
When a captain used bullying antics during my logbook and uniform inspection, as I unfavorably failed my audit and uniform inspections (Action), I used an unproductive value judgement about him and the experience. Now, I invite you to consider my unhelpful B-C connection.
The captain used bullying antics (Action) and I Believed, “This worthless dick was gonna fail me either way [G], and I can’t stand this motherfucker [L], as it’s terrible that I can’t put hands on him [A], because I absolutely should be able to push back against his fucked-up behavior [D]!”
When using that unaccommodating GLAD value judgement (Belief), I then experienced negative, but unhealthy anger and aggression (Consequence). Unhelpfully, the reaction to my Beliefs caused similar negative, but unhealthy anger and aggression exhibited by the captain.
Addressing how people upset themselves with unhelpful attitudes, the ABC model incorporates Disputation of unproductive philosophies of life in order to explore Effective new beliefs. Whereas rigid beliefs cause self-disturbance, flexible beliefs result in an un-disturbed condition.
When listening to an EDM DJ set by Dani Ebner, I thought of a psychoeducational lesson on REBT which I’ve outlined herein. Now, I encourage you to use the ABC model so that you don’t needlessly self-disturb with an unhelpful value judgment.
If you’re looking for a provider who tries to work to help understand how thinking impacts physical, mental, emotional, and behavioral elements of your life—helping you to sharpen your critical thinking skills, I invite you to reach out today by using the contact widget on my website.
As the world’s foremost EDM-influenced REBT psychotherapist—promoting content related to EDM, I’m pleased to try to help people with an assortment of issues from anger (hostility, rage, and aggression) to relational issues, adjustment matters, trauma experience, justice involvement, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depression, and other mood or personality-related matters.
At Hollings Therapy, LLC, serving all of Texas, I aim to treat clients with dignity and respect while offering a multi-lensed approach to the practice of psychotherapy and life coaching. My mission includes: Prioritizing the cognitive and emotive needs of clients, an overall reduction in client suffering, and supporting sustainable growth for the clients I serve. Rather than simply trying to help you to feel better, I want to try to help you get better!
Deric Hollings, LPC, LCSW
References:
APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Aesthetics. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/aesthetics
APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Judgment. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/judgment
APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Normative. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/normative
APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Value. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/value
APA Dictionary of Psychology. (2018, April 19). Value judgment. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/value-judgment
Dani Ebner. (n.d.). Coffee party @ Pão de Queijo Sessions. YouTube. Retrieved from https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJPZgNrOQOsw&si=insN4JSLiUfJ2kaR
Dani Ebner. (2026, August 20). Dani Ebner - Coffee party @ Pão de Queijo Sessions - Edition #4 [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/xArlu4OGlps?si=MwRvJ0zCY9llGU75
David, D. (2014, January). The empirical status of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) theory & practice. Albert Ellis Institute. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=26813393d7370232253cf964c38a4a03d98b0b97
Dryden, W. and Neenan, M. (2006). Rational emotive behaviour therapy: 100 key points and techniques. Routledge. Retrieved from https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/4b0e2552-2a18-4998-b44f-3a993148f7ac/downloads/REBT%202.pdf?ver=1627365797554
Hollings, D. (2026, June 16). A fountain of goodness: Subjective and objective views. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/a-fountain-of-goodness-subjective-and-objective-views
Hollings, D. (2024, July 9). Absolutistic should beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/absolutistic-should-beliefs
Hollings, D. (2025, February 19). Acronym symbolizing any purpose. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/acronym-symbolizing-any-purpose
Hollings, D. (2025, October 19). Adhering to invisible scripts. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/adhering-to-invisible-scripts
Hollings, D. (2026, June 2). An honest person should be like a smelly goat. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/an-honest-person-should-be-like-a-smelly-goat
Hollings, D. (2026, February 10). Are you outsourcing your ability to think critically? Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/are-you-outsourcing-your-ability-to-think-critically
Hollings, D. (2024, November 15). Assumptions. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/assumptions
Hollings, D. (2024, August 7). Awfulizing. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/awfulizing
Hollings, D. (2024, July 15). Bullying. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/bullying
Hollings, D. (2026, February 19). Conclusions in search of rationale. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/conclusions-in-search-of-rationale
Hollings, D. (2024, July 9). Conditional should beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/conditional-should-beliefs
Hollings, D. (2024, October 27). Correlation does not imply causation. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/correlation-does-not-imply-causation
Hollings, D. (2022, October 31). Demandingness. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/demandingness
Hollings, D. (2022, October 5). Description vs. prescription. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/description-vs-prescription
Hollings, D. (2024, January 10). Desire much, but need very little. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/desire-much-but-need-very-little
Hollings, D. (2022, March 15). Disclaimer. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/disclaimer
Hollings, D. (2025, September 16). Dispute with respect. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/dispute-with-respect
Hollings, D. (2025, March 12). Distress vs. disturbance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/distress-vs-disturbance
Hollings, D. (2025, August 19). Doing right or wrong, as they see it. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/doing-right-or-wrong-as-they-see-it
Hollings, D. (2024, July 10). Empirical should beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/empirical-should-beliefs
Hollings, D. (2025, December 5). Evaluations and appraisals: Men are gross, trash, and pigs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/evaluations-and-appraisals-men-are-gross-trash-and-pigs
Hollings, D. (2026, September 14). Falsifiability and unfalsifiability: God is a DJ. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/falsifiability-and-unfalsifiability-god-is-a-dj
Hollings, D. (2024, May 17). Feeling better vs. getting better. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/feeling-better-vs-getting-better-1
Hollings, D. (2026, February 13). Five, four, three… beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/five-four-three-beliefs
Hollings, D. (2023, October 12). Get better. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/get-better
Hollings, D. (2023, September 13). Global evaluations. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/global-evaluations
Hollings, D. (2024, April 13). Goals. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/goals
Hollings, D. (n.d.). Hollings Therapy, LLC [Official website]. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/
Hollings, D. (2026, March 16). Hopeful anticipation vs. disturbing expectation. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/hopeful-anticipation-vs-disturbing-expectation
Hollings, D. (2026, January 22). I got shit to lose, gotta keep my cool. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/i-got-shit-to-lose-gotta-keep-my-cool
Hollings, D. (2024, July 10). Ideal should beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/ideal-should-beliefs
Hollings, D. (2024, October 21). Impermanence and uncertainty. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/impermanence-and-uncertainty
Hollings, D. (2024, February 14). Insufferable vs. undesirable. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/insufferable-vs-undesirable
Hollings, D. (2026, April 14). Intolerance: There’s no way that I can take this. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/intolerance-there-s-no-way-that-i-can-take-this
Hollings, D. (2026, July 6). It’s not an opinion, it’s a fact: Am I taking crazy pills? Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/it-s-not-an-opinion-it-s-a-fact-am-i-taking-crazy-pills
Hollings, D. (2026, March 11). Just the facts. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/just-the-facts
Hollings, D. (2026, April 3). Kno one: A negative evaluation – People aren’t their behavior. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/kno-one-a-negative-evaluation-people-aren-t-their-behavior
Hollings, D. (2024, July 10). Legal should beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/legal-should-beliefs
Hollings, D. (2023, September 19). Life coaching. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/life-coaching
Hollings, D. (2025, January 8). Life-downing. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/life-downing
Hollings, D. (2022, December 2). Low frustration tolerance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/low-frustration-tolerance
Hollings, D. (2024, July 10). Moral and ethical should beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/moral-and-ethical-should-beliefs
Hollings, D. (2026, September 9). Morals, ethics, law, justice, subjectivity, and objectivity: Can you reserve judgment? Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/morals-ethics-law-justice-subjectivity-and-objectivity-can-you-reserve-judgment
Hollings, D. (2024, September 27). My attitude. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/my-attitude
Hollings, D. (2025, August 2). My philosophy. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/my-philosophy
Hollings, D. (2026, September 13). Needlessly self-disturbing. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/needlessly-self-disturbing
Hollings, D. (2024, March 13). Objective morality. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/objective-morality
Hollings, D. (2025, January 7). Other-downing. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/other-downing
Hollings, D. (2025, September 9). Personal responsibility and accountability. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/personal-responsibility-and-accountability
Hollings, D. (2024, July 10). Preferential should beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/preferential-should-beliefs
Hollings, D. (2024, January 1). Psychoeducation. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/psychoeducation
Hollings, D. (2024, May 5). Psychotherapist. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/psychotherapist
Hollings, D. (2026, August 22). Rage, rage disorder, and road rage: Negative, but unhealthy anger and aggression. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rage-rage-disorder-and-road-rage-negative-but-unhealthy-anger-and-aggression
Hollings, D. (2022, March 24). Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rational-emotive-behavior-therapy-rebt
Hollings, D. (2025, August 13). Rational versus irrational thoughts and beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rational-versus-irrational-thoughts-and-beliefs
Hollings, D. (2024, January 1). Rational vs. irrational. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rational-vs-irrational
Hollings, D. (2024, July 18). REBT flexibility. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rebt-flexibility
Hollings, D. (2024, July 10). Recommendatory should beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/recommendatory-should-beliefs
Hollings, D. (2024, January 4). Rigid vs. rigorous. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rigid-vs-rigorous
Hollings, D. (2026, July 7). Self-distress and distress tolerance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/self-distress-and-distress-tolerance
Hollings, D. (2022, November 1). Self-disturbance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/self-disturbance
Hollings, D. (2025, January 6). Self-downing. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/self-downing
Hollings, D. (2026, April 21). Self-upset. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/self-upset
Hollings, D. (2022, October 7). Should, must, and ought. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/should-must-and-ought
Hollings, D. (2026, February 9). Social contagion. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/social-contagion
Hollings, D. (2026, May 31). Standards and principles. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/standards-and-principles
Hollings, D. (2024, February 27). Suffering, struggling, and battling vs. experiencing. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/suffering-struggling-and-battling-vs-experiencing
Hollings, D. (2022, December 23). The A-C connection. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-a-c-connection
Hollings, D. (2025, December 21). The awful, very bad, horrible, terrible, no good, unacceptable elements of life. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-awful-very-bad-horrible-terrible-no-good-unacceptable-elements-of-life
Hollings, D. (2022, December 25). The B-C connection. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-b-c-connection
Hollings, D. (2022, November 2). The critical A. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-critical-a
Hollings, D. (2022, December 14). The is-ought problem. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-is-ought-problem
Hollings, D. (2023, August 6). The science. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-science
Hollings, D. (2026, May 15). The speed of thoughts and beliefs: Flipping the bird. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-speed-of-thoughts-and-beliefs-flipping-the-bird
Hollings, D. (2025, September 9). The true worth of things. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-true-worth-of-things
Hollings, D. (2025, April 15). This cake smells unpleasant. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/this-cake-smells-unpleasant
Hollings, D. (2023, February 16). Tna. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/__tna
Hollings, D. (2025, February 28). To try is my goal. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/to-try-is-my-goal
Hollings, D. (2025, January 9). Traditional ABC model. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/traditional-abc-model
Hollings, D. (2026, September 5). Trials: Subjective and objective views of justice and injustice. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/trials-subjective-and-objective-views-of-justice-and-injustice
Hollings, D. (2024, March 18). Unhealthy vs. healthy negative emotions. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/unhealthy-vs-healthy-negative-emotions
Hollings, D. (2024, October 26). Unhelpful expectations. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/unhelpful-expectations
Hollings, D. (2024, November 1). Useful tools. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/useful-tools
Hollings, D. (2025, July 18). We decide whether to label something good or bad. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/ we-decide-whether-to-label-something-good-or-bad
Hollings, D. (2025, October 20). Would there be enough evidence to convict you? Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/would-there-be-enough-evidence-to-convict-you
Hollings, D. (2025, October 18). You aren’t as important as you believe. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/you-aren-t-as-important-as-you-believe
Spotify. (n.d.). Dani Ebner. Retrieved from https://open.spotify.com/artist/3LGCbgFxeACqPKWdJ2sgim
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Marine Security Guard. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Security_Guard
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Minas Gerais. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Non-commissioned officer. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Pão de queijo. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A3o_de_queijo
Wikipedia. (n.d.). United States Marine Corps. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Value judgment. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_judgment
