Trials: Subjective and Objective Views of Justice and Injustice

[DISCLAIMER]

The Trials We Face, and a Distinction between Justice and Injustice

As Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is informed by Stoic philosophy, this blog entry is part of an ongoing series regarding a book entitled The Daily Stoic: 366 Meditations on Wisdom, Perseverance, and the Art of Living by Ryan Holiday and Stephen Hanselman.

The authors quote ancient Stoic philosopher Seneca, who stated, “To bear trials with a calm mind robs misfortune of its strength and burden” (page 392). This view (an opinion or judgment colored by the feeling or bias of its holder) is worthy of a psychoeducational lesson on REBT.

Before sharing this teaching, it may be useful to first define several terms. Also, I encourage you to bear with me (to be indulgent, patient, or forbearing with), because this is going to be a lengthy blogpost. Now, the American Psychological Association (APA) thusly defines a trial:

[I]n testing, conditioning, or other experimentation, a single performance of a given task (e.g., one run through a maze) or a single presentation of a stimulus (e.g., one viewing of an ordered list of three-letter words).”

In life, we’re faced with many trials. For example, if repairs to a roadway are conducted in your neighborhood, you may consider taking alternate routes to and from your home. Thus, you’ve conditioned yourself to adapt to the unwelcome situation through the trial of problem solving.

Additionally, some of us are faced with trials which aren’t of the testing, conditioning, or other experimentation variety. Regarding an alternate type of trial, one source thusly states:

In law, a trial is a coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information (in the form of evidence) in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a court. The tribunal, which may occur before a judge, jury, or other designated trier of fact, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute.

Where the trial is held before a group of members of the community, it is called a jury trial. Where the trial is held solely before a judge, it is called a bench trial. Hearings before administrative bodies may have many of the features of a trial before a court, but are typically not referred to as trials.

An appeal (appellate proceeding) is also generally not deemed a trial, because such proceedings are usually restricted to a review of the evidence presented before the trial court, and do not permit the introduction of new evidence.

Unfortunately, I’ve been the subject of legal trials, hearings, and appeals. For example, regarding my hearing before the United States (U.S.) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), I stated in a blogpost entitled Dominance, Locus of Control, and Chauvinism:

The result of my EEOC case – when represented by a female attorney, assisted by a female labor union president, facing off against a female VA [U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs] attorney and her female assistant, before a female federal judge and her female assistant – wasn’t in my favor.

Due to my lived experience with legal processes – which includes military service in which I fulfilled the role of military police (1996-2007), as well as a bachelor’s degree with a focus on justice administration – I’m familiar with subjective and objective views of justice and injustice.

Now, the APA defines subjective as “taking place or existing only within the mind,” “particular to a specific person and thus intrinsically inaccessible to the experience or observation of others,” and “based on or influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudices.”

Conversely, the APA defines objective as “having verifiable existence in the external world, independently of any opinion or judgment [i.e., views]” and “impartial or uninfluenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudices.”

Whereas I subjectively (i.e., personally) viewed my EEOC case as winnable, the objective (i.e., supposedly impartial) findings of my EEOC hearing disconfirmed my views. To this day, I maintain that the legal findings were “supposedly impartial,” and for a justifiable reason.

No fallible human being is capable of abandoning bias, which the APA defines as “partiality: an inclination or predisposition for or against something.” When I argued to an all-female panel about sexism from my VA female supervisor, bias likely played a role in the judge’s decision.

I believe that justice isn’t blind (i.e., impartial). It’s biased! For clarity, one source states, “Lady Justice is an allegorical personification of the moral force in judicial systems. Her attributes are scales, a sword and sometimes a blindfold. She often appears as a pair with Prudentia.”

Photo credit (edited), Designed by Magnific, fair use

For context, the APA defines justice as “the impartial and fair settlement of conflict and differences, typically by legal process and the imposition of proportionate punishment.” Thus, injustice is the absence of justice, as in violation of right or of the rights of another.

Though my EEOC hearing wasn’t a legal trial, the trial (as in testing, conditioning, or other experimentation) I faced when my VA female supervisor’s maladaptive behavior was viewed as proper regards bearing trials with a calm mind, robbing misfortune of its strength and burden.

The ABC Model

This is where a psychoeducational lesson on the psychotherapeutic modality that I practice now comes into play. Specifically, I invite you to consider use of this helpful technique regarding your own mental, emotional, and behavioral health (collectively “mental health”).

REBT uses the ABC model to illustrate that when an undesirable Action occurs and you Believe an unhelpful narrative about the event, it’s your unfavorable assumption, not the occurrence itself, that causes an unpleasant Consequence. This is known as distress or disturbance.

Noteworthy, with virtually any undesirable Action that occurs, it’s your unfavorable Beliefs which cause unpleasant distress or disturbance (Consequence). Given this framing of self-distress and self-disturbance, it’s worth noting that one REBT source states (page 71):

REBT conceptualizes [distress] as healthy even though it is intense. Other approaches to therapy have as their goal the reduction of the intensity of negative emotions. They take this position because they do not keenly differentiate between healthy negative emotions (distress) and unhealthy negative emotions (disturbance).

Now, REBT keenly distinguishes between healthy distress and unhealthy disturbance. Healthy distress stems from your rational beliefs about a negative activating event [Action], whilst disturbance stems from your irrational beliefs about the same event.

Complete elimination of distress is highly unlikely in an impermanent and uncertain world wherein people conceptually suffer, struggle, and battle with, or merely experience hardship. Still, individuals often make matters worse for themselves by disturbing about such instances.

In particular, there are four predominate irrational beliefs which people often use to distress or disturb themselves: global evaluations, low frustration tolerance (LFT), awfulizing, and demandingness. When contemplating these unproductive scripts, think of the acronym GLAD.

Additionally, from a psychological standpoint, people distress or disturb themselves using a Belief-Consequence (B-C) connection. Of course, this isn’t to suggest that in the context of the naturalistic or physical world there is no Action-Consequence (A-C) connection.

From an A-C view, my VA female supervisor nominally discriminated against males in her charge (Action), as another male employee and I endured results of disparate impact (Consequence). Now, let’s imagine that I used a B-C view to self-disturb at the time.

I endured disparate impact (Action), unhealthily Believed, “As a man, I’m worthless [G], and I can’t bear that things are this way [L], as it’s terrible [A], because I must be as competent as my female counterparts [D],” and I then hypothetically experienced sadness (Consequence).

Addressing how people upset themselves with unhelpful attitudes, the ABC model incorporates Disputation of unproductive philosophies of life in order to explore Effective new beliefs. Whereas rigid beliefs cause self-disturbance, flexible beliefs result in an un-disturbed condition.

In actuality, I maintained a healthy internal locus of control when employed by the VA. Therefore, I Effectively believed, “My supervisor preferably should follow federal law, so I’m going to file an EEOC complaint, and even if I don’t prevail, I can bear the outcome.”

Rather than using an unhealthy LFT Belief (i.e., I can’t bear that things are this way), in this hypothetical scenario, I used a healthy high frustration tolerance (HFT) Effective belief (i.e., I can bear the outcome), regarding Seneca’s expressed view (bearing trials with a calm mind).

The Mistrial of Lindsay Clancy

Using reasoned choice, I chose to intentionally forgo writing about the Lindsay Clancy case until a verdict was reached. While the facts of the trial are heavily disputed, I’m making no objective assertions herein. Concerning background information on her legal trial, one source states:

On January 24, 2023, Lindsay Clancy fatally strangled her three children—five-year-old Cora, three-year-old Dawson, and eight-month-old Callan—at the family’s home in Duxbury, Massachusetts, United States.

She then attempted suicide by cutting her wrists and neck and jumping from a second-story window, sustaining injuries that left her paralyzed from the waist down. Lindsay later stated that she heard an auditory hallucination commanding [i.e., rigid demandingness] her to commit the acts and felt unable to resist.

Lindsay was prosecuted for three counts of murder in a criminal trial that began on July 20, 2026. Although she did not dispute killing her children, her defense argued that she was suffering from postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder and therefore lacked criminal responsibility.

Much of the trial focused on her mental condition and treatment in the months preceding the killings. Following the birth of her third child, Lindsay sought treatment from multiple healthcare providers for symptoms including insomnia, intrusive thoughts, and suicidal ideation.

Prosecutors alleged that Lindsay was in control at the time of the killings and that her actions beforehand, including sending her husband out on an errand, showed methodical planning. They emphasized that she reported hearing the commanding voice only once, on the day of the killings, and that none of her clinicians had previously documented signs of psychosis.

After nearly six weeks of trial proceedings and 38 hours of deliberations, the jury repeatedly reported that it was deadlocked. On the seventh day of deliberations, the jury foreperson informed [J]udge William F. Sullivan that a single holdout juror might be disregarding his instructions on reasonable doubt.

Defense attorney Kevin Reddington filed an emergency appeal with the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court requesting that the juror be questioned or removed. After the motion was denied, Sullivan formally declared a mistrial on September 4, 2026. The next hearing is slated for September 29, 2026.

Regarding my subjective knowledge, neither the prosecution nor defense in the Clancy trial disputed the allegation that she killed (to deprive of life: cause the death of) her children. Yet, there remains doubt about murder (the crime of unlawfully and unjustifiably killing a person).

As well, there’s the matter of manslaughter (the unlawful killing of a human being without express or implied malice). Likewise, the jury likely considered an insanity plea (a plea in court of insanity as a reason or excuse for committing a crime).

When beginning my professional career in mental health care, I worked in a justice diversion program. A number of clients on my caseload were alleged to have committed crimes when experiencing psychosis. Therefore, I have some subjective experience with legal trials.

Still, because I didn’t watch Clancy’s entire trial, I reserve judgment regarding reported facts of the case. Nonetheless, I’ve used data from the Clancy case to practice REBT in my personal and professional capacities, as I’ve been fascinated with people’s reactions to this matter.

For instance, one source states that the case “sharply divided many Americans over whether the Massachusetts woman should be criminally responsible for killing her three young children.” To understate the matter, the Clancy case is a divisive topic.

Apparently, it’s now informally serving as a moral and ethical litmus test (a test in which a single factor, such as an attitude, event, or fact, is decisive). For context, I stated in a blogpost entitled Objective Morality and Moral Absolutism:

Using REBT, I often encounter beliefs which are absolute (having no restriction, exception, or qualification). This tends to occur with moral and ethical perspectives which are subjective (characteristic of or belonging to reality as perceived rather than as independent of mind).

A moral is a person’s standard of behavior or belief concerning what is and isn’t acceptable for the individual and other people. Morals thus relate to what’s considered good, bad, right, wrong, or otherwise acceptable or unacceptable.

An ethic is a set of moral principles, especially those relating to or affirming a specified group, field, or form of conduct. Whereas morals relate to what is thought of as pleasing or displeasing behaviors and beliefs, ethics – based on morals – are the social rules by which we pledge to live.

For context, a principle is a comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption that serves as a rule or code of conduct with habitual devotion to this subjective morally and ethically right standard. Thus, principles are a form of values (something intrinsically desirable).

As an example, a person may hold the absolutist belief in objective morality (a universal principle of right or wrong, expressing or dealing with facts or conditions as perceived without distortion by personal feelings, prejudices, or interpretations).

I see no credible evidence supporting the absolutist belief of objective morality. Just as fallible human beings aren’t capable of abandoning bias, we don’t all agree on moral and ethical conclusions. Nevertheless, I’ve witnessed people using the Clancy case as a litmus test.

An argument from group X goes something like, ‘Anyone who deliberately kills children [i.e., not manslaughter] – no matter the circumstances – absolutely must be punished! Otherwise, justice will not have been served to address the injustice that took place.’

Group Y then retorts, ‘If there are mitigating factors or extenuating circumstances, such as mismanaged psychopharmacotherapy or imbalanced hormones, then people who deliberately kill children conditionally must be acquitted of wrongdoing, in the interest of justice, not injustice.’

Those who favor views of either group X or Y then use the beliefs of group Z (e.g., undecided) as a litmus test regarding in-group and out-group distinction. Irrationally, groups X and Y assume an ‘either you’re with us, or against us’ form of conditional dichotomous thinking.

Personally, understanding how bias influences trials, and how subjective and objective views of justice and injustice function, I rationally choose to remain in group Z for now. Namely, I didn’t watch all of the trial coverage, so I couldn’t possibly provide a well-informed opinion at present.

Per one source, “Proof beyond a reasonable doubt protects defendants, but it also sets the terms on which the state may punish anyone at all.” I’d want as-fair-as-possible a trial if I’m again charged with a crime. Thus, I won’t judge Clancy’s alleged acts when I have reasonable doubt.

Conclusion

Ancient Stoic philosopher Seneca stated, “To bear trials with a calm mind robs misfortune of its strength and burden” (page 392). Herein, I’ve illustrated distinctions between trials regarding testing, conditioning, or other experimentation, and those pertaining to legal matters.

Within my lifetime, I’ve endured each form of these challenging trials. Fortunately, I practiced REBT at the time of an EEOC hearing that concerned my VA female supervisor ostensibly discriminating against male employees in her charge.

Yet, the outcome following deliberation by an all-female panel of individuals didn’t go in my favor. Personally, it was likely that subjective views of justice plausibly led to what I consider an outcome of injustice. After all, no fallible human beings are capable of objective morality.

Taking this perspective into consideration, after having illustrated use of the ABC model, I’ve addressed the mistrial of Lindsay Clancy herein. In particular, I’ve acknowledged that I lack enough information to judge the behavior of a woman who’s accused of killing her children.

Fascinatingly, I’ve observed the reactions of people who maintain starkly opposing views, as many individuals appear to be using a moral and ethical litmus test whereby they judge others—not merely beliefs or behavior, though globally evaluating people—which is an irrational act!

Favorably, I’m not persuaded by such nonsensical arguments. Moreover, their boos mean nothing, because I’ve seen what makes them cheer! Therefore, I plan on closely following the Clancy trial when it restarts, so that I may use Bayesian reasoning to then inform my view.

Even anticipating this event, I recognize that I’m not an unbiased observer; neither are you, and nor is anyone else—to include the judge, prosecution team, defense team, jurors, and so on and so forth. We’re all fallible humans, capable of committing heinous acts, and we retain bias!

If you’re looking for a provider who tries to work to help understand how thinking impacts physical, mental, emotional, and behavioral elements of your life—helping you to sharpen your critical thinking skills, I invite you to reach out today by using the contact widget on my website.

As a psychotherapist, I’m pleased to try to help people with an assortment of issues ranging from anger (hostility, rage, and aggression) to relational issues, adjustment matters, trauma experience, justice involvement, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depression, and other mood or personality-related matters.

At Hollings Therapy, LLC, serving all of Texas, I aim to treat clients with dignity and respect while offering a multi-lensed approach to the practice of psychotherapy and life coaching. My mission includes: Prioritizing the cognitive and emotive needs of clients, an overall reduction in client suffering, and supporting sustainable growth for the clients I serve. Rather than simply trying to help you to feel better, I want to try to help you get better!

Deric Hollings, LPC, LCSW

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Hollings, D. (n.d.). Hollings Therapy, LLC [Official website]. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/

Hollings, D. (2026, March 16). Hopeful anticipation vs. disturbing expectation. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/hopeful-anticipation-vs-disturbing-expectation

Hollings, D. (2025, January 19). I felt worthless. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/i-felt-worthless

Hollings, D. (2025, October 4). Ignorance about the Americans. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/ignorance-about-the-americas

Hollings, D. (2024, October 21). Impermanence and uncertainty. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/impermanence-and-uncertainty

Hollings, D. (2024, August 21). In-group and out-group distinction. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/in-group-and-out-group-distinction

Hollings, D. (2022, November 8). Information overload. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/information-overload

Hollings, D. (2024, February 14). Insufferable vs. undesirable. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/insufferable-vs-undesirable

Hollings, D. (2024, January 2). Interests and goals. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/interests-and-goals

Hollings, D. (2024, September 26). Interpreted reality. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/interpreted-reality

Hollings, D. (2026, February 8). Is It Desire, or Is It Love? Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/is-it-desire-or-is-it-love

Hollings, D. (2026, July 6). It’s not an opinion, it’s a fact: Am I taking crazy pills? Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/it-s-not-an-opinion-it-s-a-fact-am-i-taking-crazy-pills

Hollings, D. (2026, July 10). It’s not the thing itself that troubles you, but only your judgment of it. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/it-s-not-the-thing-itself-that-troubles-you-but-only-your-judgment-of-it

Hollings, D. (2026, March 11). Just the facts. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/just-the-facts

Hollings, D. (2026, April 3). Kno one: A negative evaluation – People aren’t their behavior. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/kno-one-a-negative-evaluation-people-aren-t-their-behavior

Hollings, D. (2025, October 13). Knowledge, wisdom, understanding. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/knowledge-wisdom-understanding

Hollings, D. (2025, May 18). Learning to understand, attentively and deeply. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/learning-to-understand-attentively-and-deeply

Hollings, D. (2023, September 19). Life coaching. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/life-coaching

Hollings, D. (2026, May 17). Listening to reason through argument: Is the rhetoric of whataboutism persuasive? Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/listening-to-reason-through-argument-is-the-rhetoric-of-whataboutism-persuasive

Hollings, D. (2023, September 8). Lived experience. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/lived-experience

Hollings, D. (2022, December 2). Low frustration tolerance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/low-frustration-tolerance

Hollings, D. (2025, December 30). Making misfortune heavier by complaining about it. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/making-misfortune-heavier-by-complaining-about-it

Hollings, D. (2023, March 21). Matching bracelets. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/matching-bracelets

Hollings, D. (2024, March 4). Mental, emotional, and behavioral health. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/mental-emotional-and-behavioral-health

Hollings, D. (2025, November 16). Mental health, mental illness, and mental disorder. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/mental-health-mental-illness-and-mental-disorder

Hollings, D. (2023, October 2). Morals and ethics. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/morals-and-ethics

Hollings, D. (2025, October 2). Murderer, your insides must be hollow. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/murderer-your-insides-must-be-hollow

Hollings, D. (2024, September 27). My attitude. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/my-attitude

Hollings, D. (2025, August 2). My philosophy. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/my-philosophy

Hollings, D. (2026, June 9). Nonsense: It’s plainly pride. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/nonsense-it-s-plainly-pride

Hollings, D. (2024, March 13). Objective morality. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/objective-morality

Hollings, D. (2026, March 18). Objective morality and moral absolutism. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/objective-morality-and-moral-absolutism

Hollings, D. (2026, April 2). Objective rationality: What is rational to you may not be rational to others. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/objective-rationality-what-is-rational-to-you-may-not-be-rational-to-others

Hollings, D. (2026, April 4). Objective reality. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/objective-reality

Hollings, D. (2025, September 26). Observing eye and perceiving eye. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/observing-eye-and-perceiving-eye

Hollings, D. (2023, September 3). On feelings. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/on-feelings

Hollings, D. (2023, April 24). On truth. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/on-truth

Hollings, D. (2026, April 19). Outcome: Victim mentality and playing the victim. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/outcome-victim-mentality-and-playing-the-victim

Hollings, D. (2025, April 9). Perception, action, and will. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/perception-action-and-will

Hollings, D. (2023, December 25). Perception isn’t reality. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/perception-isn-t-reality

Hollings, D. (2025, September 9). Personal responsibility and accountability. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/personal-responsibility-and-accountability

Hollings, D. (2024, July 20). Perspective shift. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/perspective-shift

Hollings, D. (2024, July 10). Preferential should beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/preferential-should-beliefs

Hollings, D. (2026, March 18). Prejudice vs. discernment: Bias. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/prejudice-vs-discernment-bias

Hollings, D. (2024, January 13). Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/prevention-diagnosis-and-treatment

Hollings, D. (2024, May 26). Principles. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/principles

Hollings, D. (2025, November 13). Problem solving in regard to anger: How to eat an elephant. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/problem-solving-in-regard-to-anger-how-to-eat-an-elephant

Hollings, D. (2023, September 15). Psychotherapeutic modalities. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/psychotherapeutic-modalities

Hollings, D. (2024, January 1). Psychoeducation. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/psychoeducation

Hollings, D. (2024, May 5). Psychotherapist. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/psychotherapist

Hollings, D. (2022, March 24). Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rational-emotive-behavior-therapy-rebt

Hollings, D. (2025, August 13). Rational versus irrational thoughts and beliefs. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rational-versus-irrational-thoughts-and-beliefs

Hollings, D. (2024, January 1). Rational vs. irrational. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rational-vs-irrational

Hollings, D. (2026, August 21). Reasoned choice: What can you control? Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/reasoned-choice-what-can-you-control

Hollings, D. (2024, July 18). REBT flexibility. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rebt-flexibility

Hollings, D. (2024, January 4). Rigid vs. rigorous. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rigid-vs-rigorous

Hollings, D. (2026, March 5). Rules-based order: Rules will vary. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/rules-based-order-rules-will-vary

Hollings, D. (2026, July 7). Self-distress and distress tolerance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/self-distress-and-distress-tolerance

Hollings, D. (2022, November 1). Self-disturbance. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/self-disturbance

Hollings, D. (2026, April 21). Self-upset. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/self-upset

Hollings, D. (2026, June 11). Shaping: Force of habit – No rewarding bad behavior! Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/shaping-force-of-habit-no-rewarding-bad-behavior

Hollings, D. (2026, May 31). Standards and principles. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/standards-and-principles

Hollings, D. (2024, April 21). Stoicism. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/stoicism

Hollings, D. (2024, February 27). Suffering, struggling, and battling vs. experiencing. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/suffering-struggling-and-battling-vs-experiencing

Hollings, D. (2025, October 27). Suicide and suicide attempts: Jumping out the window. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/suicide-and-suicide-attempts-jumping-out-the-window

Hollings, D. (2026, July 8). Summertime is the killing season. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/summertime-is-the-killing-season

Hollings, D. (2022, December 23). The A-C connection. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-a-c-connection

Hollings, D. (2025, December 21). The awful, very bad, horrible, terrible, no good, unacceptable elements of life. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-awful-very-bad-horrible-terrible-no-good-unacceptable-elements-of-life

Hollings, D. (2022, December 25). The B-C connection. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-b-c-connection

Hollings, D. (2025, August 31). The cause of my irritation is not in this person but in me. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/ the-cause-of-my-irritation-is-not-in-this-person-but-in-me

Hollings, D. (2025, October 22). The construct. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-construct

Hollings, D. (2022, November 2). The critical A. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-critical-a

Hollings, D. (2025, February 4). The definition of insanity. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-definition-of-insanity

Hollings, D. (2025, January 2). The distinction between law and justice. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-distinction-between-law-and-justice

Hollings, D. (2026, May 15). The speed of thoughts and beliefs: Flipping the bird. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-speed-of-thoughts-and-beliefs-flipping-the-bird

Hollings, D. (2026, April 23). The three traditionally identified components of the mind: Affect, cognition, and conation. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/the-three-traditionally-identified-components-of-the-mind-affect-cognition-and-conation

Hollings, D. (2025, April 15). This cake smells unpleasant. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/this-cake-smells-unpleasant

Hollings, D. (2025, February 28). To try is my goal. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/to-try-is-my-goal

Hollings, D. (2025, January 9). Traditional ABC model. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/traditional-abc-model

Hollings, D. (2024, June 19). Treatment vs. management. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/treatment-vs-management

Hollings, D. (2024, February 17). Two-tiered justice system. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/two-tiered-justice-system

Hollings, D. (2024, March 18). Unhealthy vs. healthy negative emotions. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/unhealthy-vs-healthy-negative-emotions

Hollings, D. (2024, October 26). Unhelpful expectations. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/unhelpful-expectations

Hollings, D. (2024, November 24). Values. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/values

Hollings, D. (2025, September 1). Virtue makes adversity bearable. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/virtue-makes-adversity-bearable

Hollings, D. (2024, August 20). We all make our choices. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/we-all-make-our-choices

Hollings, D. (2025, July 18). We decide whether to label something good or bad. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/ we-decide-whether-to-label-something-good-or-bad

Hollings, D. (2023, October 20). When diversity isn’t a strength. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/when-diversity-isn-t-a-strength

Hollings, D. (2026, August 19). Wisdom and acting justly are one and the same. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/wisdom-and-acting-justly-are-one-and-the-same

Hollings, D. (2025, October 20). Would there be enough evidence to convict you? Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/would-there-be-enough-evidence-to-convict-you

Hollings, D. (2025, June 12). Your boos mean nothing, I’ve seen what makes you cheer. Hollings Therapy, LLC. Retrieved from https://www.hollingstherapy.com/post/your-boos-mean-nothing-i-ve-seen-what-makes-you-cheer

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