Dominance, Locus of Control, and Chauvinism

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Defining Terms

When listening to the latest electronic dance music (EDM) DJ set by Roksana—who’s not yet produced a mix that I haven’t thoroughly enjoyed—I heard her spin the hard techno/Schranz song “Domination” (2025), by Holy Priest and REKKT. It damn near melted my face off /s!

For context, in common parlance, domination is defined as supremacy or preeminence over another, exercise of mastery or ruling power, and exercise of preponderant, governing, or controlling influence. Herein, I’ll address the matter of “controlling influence.”

For now, I invite you to consider that the American Psychological Association (APA) defines dominance, a similar term, as “the exercise of influence or control over others.” Colloquially, influence is defined as the power or capacity to cause an effect in indirect or intangible ways.

This act or power of producing an effect without apparent exertion of force or direct exercise of command isn’t the same thing as control, which the APA defines as “authority, power, or influence over events, behaviors, situations, or people.” Still, these terms appear synonymous.

Nevertheless, the APA defines primary control as “behavior that is aimed at producing a sense of control through an individual’s direct alteration of the environment.” As an example, I can directly control my hands which are currently pressing downward on each key of my keyboard.

The APA thus defines secondary control as “behavior that, though not directly controlling, is aimed at producing a sense of control by altering oneself (e.g., one’s values, priorities, behavior) so as to be more in line with the environment.” For example, I may dance when at a rave.

After all, it’s called electronic dance music, not electronic standing music! So, why in the world would someone attend a Holy Priest event and simply stand still? Given the distinctions between primary and secondary control, it’s worth noting that the APA thusly defines locus of control:

[A] construct that is used to categorize people’s basic motivational orientations and perceptions of how much control they have over the conditions of their lives. People with an external locus of control tend to behave in response to external circumstances and to perceive their life outcomes as arising from factors out of their control.

People with an internal locus of control tend to behave in response to internal states and intentions and to perceive their life outcomes as arising from the exercise of their own agency and abilities. [introduced into psychology by Julian Rotter]

Stated succinctly, one source expresses, “A person’s ‘locus’ (plural “loci”, Latin for “place” or “location”) is conceptualized as internal (a belief that one can control one’s own life) or external (a belief that life is controlled by outside factors which the person cannot influence, or that chance or fate controls their lives).”

When contemplating the matter of dominance, one would imagine that those subject to domination use external loci of control, as those who dominate others use internal loci of control. Regarding the latter, chauvinism comes to mind, as one source states of this term:

Chauvinism is the unreasonable belief in the superiority or dominance of one’s own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy, or inferior. The Encyclopaedia Britannica describes it as a form of “excessive and unreasonable” patriotism and nationalism, a fervent faith in national excellence and glory.

In American English, since the 1940s, the word has increasingly been used as a shorthand for male chauvinism, a trend reflected in Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, which, as of 2018, began its first example of use of the term chauvinism with “an attitude of superiority toward members of the opposite sex”.

For clarity, one source defines a female chauvinist as “a female who patronizes, disparages, or otherwise denigrates males in the belief that they are inferior to females and thus deserving of less than equal treatment or benefit.” Thus, chauvinism isn’t a male-specific term.

Personal Ownership

Regarding dominance, one’s locus of control, and chauvinism, I’ll use a personal anecdote that may assist with your comprehension of these concepts. Thus, I once filed a United States (U.S.) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) complaint against a female supervisor.

This matter concerned my relatively brief employment with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). While I exercised a healthy internal locus of control, I’ll pretend as though I used an unhealthy external locus of control when my female chauvinist supervisor used dominance.

When practicing Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), I use personal responsibility and accountability (collectively “ownership”). For improved understanding, responsibility is defined as the quality or state of being responsible, such as a moral, legal, or mental accountability.

Here, “responsible” is defined as liable to be called to account as the primary cause, motive, or agent, and being able to answer for one’s conduct and obligations—something, such as the demands of conscience or custom, that obligates one to a course of action.

Also, “accountable” is defined as subject to giving an account—a statement explaining one’s conduct. Accountability is defined as the quality or state of being accountable, especially regarding an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for one’s actions.

When providing psychoeducational lessons on REBT, a psychotherapeutic modality which arguably requires that one preferably should take personal ownership in order to reduce self-distress or self-disturbance, I lean heavily on both responsibility and accountability.

This is because I maintain that people have personal agency (a person’s ability to control one’s own reactions to activating events which are beyond one’s own dominion, especially when one’s response is limited by someone or something else). This is a matter of self-empowerment.

The ABC Model and UA

For the sake of demonstration, let’s pretend that I disempoweringly used an unhealthy external locus of control when my VA female supervisor treated male social workers as though we were inferior to our female social worker counterparts. This allegedly constituted discriminatory acts.

REBT uses the ABC model to illustrate that when an undesirable Action occurs and you Believe an unhelpful narrative about the event, it’s your unfavorable assumption, not the occurrence itself, that causes an unpleasant Consequence. This is known as distress or disturbance.

Noteworthy, with virtually any undesirable Action that occurs, it’s your unfavorable Beliefs which cause unpleasant distress or disturbance (Consequence). Given this framing of self-distress and self-disturbance, it’s worth noting that one REBT source states (page 71):

REBT conceptualizes [distress] as healthy even though it is intense. Other approaches to therapy have as their goal the reduction of the intensity of negative emotions. They take this position because they do not keenly differentiate between healthy negative emotions (distress) and unhealthy negative emotions (disturbance).

Now, REBT keenly distinguishes between healthy distress and unhealthy disturbance. Healthy distress stems from your rational beliefs about a negative activating event [Action], whilst disturbance stems from your irrational beliefs about the same event.

Complete elimination of distress is highly unlikely in an impermanent and uncertain world wherein people conceptually suffer, struggle, and battle with, or merely experience hardship. Still, individuals often make matters worse for themselves by disturbing about such instances.

In particular, there are four predominate irrational beliefs which people often use to distress or disturb themselves: global evaluations, low frustration tolerance, awfulizing, and demandingness. When contemplating these unproductive scripts, think of the acronym GLAD.

Worth noting, the two forms of should, must, and ought demands with which people most often distress or disturb are associated with use of absolutistic and conditional beliefs. Generally speaking, these scripts serve as inflexible commands used toward oneself, others, and life.

An absolute must narrative is, “You absolutely must do as I say!” A conditional should narrative is, “Either you should do as I say, or you should be punished!” Noteworthy, in REBT literature, demandingness of this sort is said to function as a primary appraisal mechanism of self-upset.

Global evaluations (i.e., self-downing, other-downing, and life-downing), low frustration tolerance (also known as frustration intolerance), and awfulizing (e.g., terrible, horrible, etc.) function as secondary appraisal mechanisms. Together, GLAD will make you sad or mad, etc.

While still functioning as prescriptive rather than descriptive, flexible use of recommendatory, preferential, ideal, empirical, moral and ethical, and legal ought beliefs won’t inevitably cause disturbance, as they may align with distress. Rigidity versus flexibility makes a difference.

Additionally, from a psychological standpoint, people distress or disturb themselves using a Belief-Consequence (B-C) connection. Of course, this isn’t to suggest that in the context of the naturalistic or physical world there is no Action-Consequence (A-C) connection.

From an A-C view, my VA female supervisor allegedly subjected male social workers to disparate treatment, stating that “female case managers” were more competent than males (Action), as males weren’t allowed to perform certain aspects of our job (Consequence).

When experiencing alleged discrimination (Action), imagine that I Believed, “As a man, I’m worthless [G], and I can’t stand being this way [L], as it’s terrible [A], because I must be as competent as my female counterparts [D],” and I then experienced sadness (Consequence).

Addressing how people upset themselves with unhelpful attitudes, the ABC model incorporates Disputation of unproductive philosophies of life in order to explore Effective new beliefs. Whereas rigid beliefs cause self-disturbance, flexible beliefs result in an un-disturbed condition.

In actuality, I maintained a healthy internal locus of control when employed by the VA. Therefore, I Effectively believed, “My supervisor preferably should follow federal law, so I’m going to file an EEOC complaint, because she won’t stop exercising ‘controlling influence.”

The result of my EEOC case – when represented by a female attorney, assisted by a female labor union president, facing off against a female VA attorney and her female assistant, before a female federal judge and her female assistant – wasn’t in my favor. This brings me to a final tool.

Specifically, REBT uses unconditional acceptance (UA) to relieve self-induced suffering. This is accomplished through use of unconditional self-acceptance (USA), unconditional other-acceptance (UOA), and unconditional life-acceptance (ULA).

With my approach to REBT, I incorporate author Stephen Covey’s concepts regarding the circles of control, influence, and concern, as well as an area of no concern. UA maps onto the circle of control (USA), circle of influence (UOA), and circle of concern and area of no concern (ULA).

The circle of control encompasses only oneself, the circle of influence encapsulates elements which may be subject to one’s sway, the circle of concern engrosses most matters one can imagine, and the area of no concern relates to all content which isn’t yet imagined.

Regarding my circle of control and USA, I controlled only my reaction to alleged discrimination by a female chauvinist. Concerning my circle of influence and UOA, I wasn’t able to persuade a female federal judge that actual discrimination took place. C’est la vie!

Pertaining to my circle of concern and ULA, I recognized that the experience of domination unfortunately occurs. Two tears in a buck, fuck it! And as for my area of no concern, an imaginary realm in which no discrimination occurs, that’s not how life actually works!

Conclusion

While listening to a Roksana DJ set, as my face was almost melted off /s, I heard the song “Domination”, by Holy Priest and REKKT. I then thought of a psychoeducational lesson on dominance, one’s locus of control, chauvinism, personal ownership, the ABC model, and UA.

Herein, I’ve shared a personal anecdote regarding an EEOC complaint I once filed regarding my VA female supervisor. Even though my case didn’t prevail, I was able to use helpful REBT tools which resulted in negative, though healthy frustration, annoyance, and disappointment.

Now, I invite you to consider use of the ABC model and UA. Even when “controlling influence” is disempoweringly used against you (e.g., alleged violation of federal law), a healthy internal locus of control may better serve you than an unhealthy external locus of control.

Granted, it isn’t desirable to experience domination from others. Nevertheless, you don’t necessarily control or influence if or when others exercise dominance. However, you do control how you react to chauvinism and other unpleasant experiences in life, and that’s empowering!

If you’re looking for a provider who tries to work to help you understand how thinking impacts physical, mental, emotional, and behavioral elements of your life, I invite you to reach out today by using the contact widget on my website.

As the world’s foremost EDM-influenced REBT psychotherapist—promoting content related to EDM, I’m pleased to try to help people with an assortment of issues from anger (hostility, rage, and aggression) to relational issues, adjustment matters, trauma experience, justice involvement, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depression, and other mood or personality-related matters.

At Hollings Therapy, LLC, serving all of Texas, I aim to treat clients with dignity and respect while offering a multi-lensed approach to the practice of psychotherapy and life coaching. My mission includes: Prioritizing the cognitive and emotive needs of clients, an overall reduction in client suffering, and supporting sustainable growth for the clients I serve. Rather than simply trying to help you to feel better, I want to try to help you get better!

Deric Hollings, LPC, LCSW

References:

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